Glass Fibers GF

4 Chemical Fibers from Inorganic Raw Materials 2.2.4.1 Glass Fibers (GF) 

Glass is an inorganic nonmetallic material. Generally, the glass state is defined as the frozen state of a supercooled and thus a solidified liquid. It results from the suppression of the crystallization of a melt. 

The raw materials quartz, chalk, and kaolin and additives are molten in large vessels. In the continuous process (Fig. 2.46), the molten mass is spun through capillaries in a spinneret and the resulting yarn is taken up. Alternatively, first glass pellets are produced, which are stored and molten at a later point in time. 

At present, of all processes, drag spinning (Fig. 2.46) is most often used, with a market share of about 90% for all glass fibers (E-fibers 97%). The glass melt is kept at a temperature of about 1250 to 1350°C. Due to gravitational forces, the melt 

In general, glass yarns (linear density 300 tex) and glass rovings (linear density 300 tex) are distinguished. In Table 2.9, important properties of typical glass fibers are summarized. 

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Filter Methods. The filters most commonly used were mixed-cellulose ester (MCE), glass fiber (GF), and polytetrafluoroethyl-ene (PTFE). Glass fiber and PTFE filters were used almost... 

The filters used in the pump units generally consisted of one 305-mm diameter, 53-jLtm Nitex filter and two 280-mm diameter, l-jnm Gelman microquartz (MQ) filters (identical to Whatman type QM/A filters). The Nitex filters have been used for all LVFS and MULVFS samples the MQ filters were chosen over Mead 935 BJ glass-fiber (GF) filters previously used in LVFS studies because they had much lower blank levels for many elements (e.g., Na, Ga, Mg, K, and Fe Figure 5). 

FRP fine powder was made from waste septic tanks, which were formed by Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) method. The SMC was a composite of resin, inorganic filler and glass fiber (GF). The resin was unsaturated-polyester resin. The inorganic filler was fine powder of calcium carbonate. These two materials compose 70% of the weight and the rest of the weight (30%) was GF. 

Note abbreviations for mineral powder (MD), flame retardants (FR), glass fiber (GF). Presence of a flame retardant is indicated by FR. The FR should be followed by the code number to identify the flame retardant. 

Sample preparation Crush 10 tablets, add 250 mL 50 mM HCl in EtOH water 50 50, heat for 15 min on a steam bath, shake mechanically for 2 h, filter (glass fiber GF/A, Whatman), inject a 30 p,L aliquot of the filtrate. 

At higher fiber loading, (t)p > 1, the rheological responses of aligned fiber suspensions resemble those of liquid crystals. Becraft and Metzner [1992] analyzed the rheological behavior and orientation of glass fibers, GF, in polyethylene, PE, and polypropylene, PR The experimental data... 

In electrical and electronic applications, such as circuit breakers, multipole rods, and breaker bulbs, a material must be available which combines heat resistance with good electrical properties. Namely, tracking cvurent resistance and arc resistance are necessary. PPS as such exhibits good heat resistance. The electrical properties can be improved by a formulation containing PA and magnesium hydroxide. In addition, the composite is reinforced by glass fibers (GF)s. ... 

There is no question that the number of EP +PLC pairs used for various applications will increase in the future. At the same time, we are currently working on HC + PLC systems (36,37). Even before including a PLC, the HC we use shows three improvements as compared to typical HCs. First, RR consists of thin and therefore flexible glass fibers (GFs). Second, the GFs are comingled with an EP using a coujjing agent Third, the GFs we use are not only unidirectional but also bidirectional, in the form of mats. 

Table 16.9 Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber (GF) Filled PET/HDPE Blends [70] ...

A wide array of fiber tows (each of which consists of hundreds of filaments) are used for composite tape manufacturing. The diameter of filaments are usually in a range from 6 to 8 pm for carbon fibers (CF) and from 10 to 17 xm for glass fibers (GF). Also, aramid fiber (AF) tows or other polymeric fibers in this range of diameters are available. The... 

There are ecological and economical reasons in favor of the use of natural fibers as reinforcing fibers for plastics. A lower price, better recyclability, hygienic harmlessness and a carbon dioxide neutral combustion are the advantages of natural fibers compared to glass fibers (GF). 

Keywords automotive, automotive application, car components, automotive requirements, substitution of metals and polymers, interior parts, exterior parts, electrical applications, filled PP, elastomer-modified PP, thermoplastic polyolefins (TPO), GMT-PP, long-fiber reinforced PP, composites, market trends, glass fiber (GF) reinforcement. 

Keywords glass fiber (GF), composition, physical properties, chemical resistance, electrical properties, optical properties, glass fiber production, glass fiber reinforced composites. 

Gibson and coworkers [2] emphasized that the preheating section of their thermoplastic pultrusion process was of crucial importance to a successful operation. Besides the results achieved with CF/PEEK tapes, these authors presented a wide range of interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) data for pultrudates from glass fiber (GF)/polyamide 12 (PA12) tapes. 

Fig. 2. Production volumes and prices for volume units for thermoplastics considered in this compilation. The dashed line represents an arbitrary border between engineering and high performance thermoplastics. In some cases, reinforced resins have been considered, ie, PPS 10% glass fibers (GF) PSU, PAll 30% GF PAS 40% GF. Acronyms are those listed in Table 1.

Fig. 4. Modulus increases obtained by reinforcing thermoplastic matrices with glass fibers. GF contents are at 30 wt%, but those of PC and PK are at 20 wt%. PPE values are referred to a PPE-PS blend. To convert GPa to psi, multiply by 145,000.

Figure 11.7. Tensile strength (a), and tensile modulus (b) of extruded and drawn blends as well as blends with MFC structure based on PET, PBT, PA6 and PA66 and MFCs with various compositions and of the neat polymers as compared with PA6 reinforced with 30% glass fibers (GF)...

Figure 11.8. Tensile modulus (a), and tensile strength (b) of injection molded samples from recycled PET (bottles) and LDPE as compared to neat LDPE and LDPE reinforced by short-glass fibers (GF) or glass spheres (GSph)...

Table 11.1. Tensile strength, a, and tensile modulus, E, (and their specific values, cjp and Ejp) of knitted and compression molded neat PP, PP/PET nanofibrillar composite and PP/glass fiber (GF) composite...

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