Give and Take

Physicists discovered the proton in 1919 although the concept had been lurking in their general awareness ever since Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) had shown in 1911 that an atom was mostly empty space with a central core, the nucleus. The structure of an atomic nucleus soon became clear it was foimd to consist of a certain number of 

Chemists brought protons fully into their vocabulary in 1923 but had unwittingly been shuttling them around between molecules of various kinds, thinking of them as hydrogen ions , since the nineteenth century. Artisans and cooks had been shuttling them around, even more unwittingly, for centuries. 

I need to step back a few years to put the proton into a chemical context for you. As I remarked in the preface, chemists are always on the lookout for patterns, both patterns in the properties of the elements and patterns in the reactions that substances undergo. It had long been familiar to them and to their predecessors the alchemists that certain compounds react together in a similar way. Two of these groups of compounds that reacted together in a certain pattern came to be known as acids and alkalis . Because this reaction seemed to quench the acidity or alkalinity of the participants, it came to be known as neutralization . 

Let s focus initially on acids and alkalis. The name acid is derived 

The term alkali has been largely superseded in chemical conversations by the more general term base , and I shall gradually move towards using that name. An alkali is simply a water-soluble base there are bases that don t dissolve in water, so base is a more general term than alkali . The name stems from the fact that a single compound, the base, can be used as a foundation for building a series of different salts by reaction with a choice of acids. Thus, suppose you take the base sodium hydroxide, then you would get the salt sodium chloride if you neutralized it with hydrochloric acid, the salt sodium sulfate if you used sulfuric acid, and so on. 

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The real value of direct interaction between a lecturer and his audience is in the interest he can aronse by presenting the topic in a challenging and perhaps personal way as well as in the give-and-take interaction of direct exchange and participation. I have always tried in my lectnres to give my stndents not only a presentation of facts and concepts, but, based on my own experience and involvement, to convey to them the fascination of exploring the intrigning world of chemistry. 

Oxidation catalysts are either metals that chemisorb oxygen readily, such as platinum or silver, or transition metal oxides that are able to give and take oxygen by reason of their having several possible oxidation states. Ethylene oxide is formed with silver, ammonia is oxidized with platinum, and silver or copper in the form of metal screens catalyze the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Cobalt catalysis is used in the following oxidations butane to acetic acid and to butyl-hydroperoxide, cyclohexane to cyclohexylperoxide, acetaldehyde to acetic acid and toluene to benzoic acid. PdCh-CuCb is used for many liquid-phase oxidations and V9O5 combinations for many vapor-phase oxidations. 

Mentoring is meant to be a give-and-take relationship. True or False ... 

There is often quite a bit of give and take between the process requirements and I E requirements in the early stages of the project. For example, the ideal process measurement may not be practical in the existing installation. At all times, it should be recognized that the goal of the design is to prevent the process hazard from propagating to an incident. 

A galvanic cell is one in which this current flows (and the redox reaction proceeds) spontaneously because of the strong tendency for the chemical species involved to give and take electrons. An electrolytic cell is one in which the current is not a spontaneous current, but rather is the result of incorporating an external power source, such as a battery, in the circuit to drive the reaction in one direction or the other. Potentiometric methods involve galvanic cells, and voltammetric and amperometric methods involve electrolytic cells. 

Ironically, the Security Office turned out to have no reason to worry. I optimistically took my film to the meetings, delighted to be able to show that we had documented the effects of LSD under controlled conditions. I welcomed the possibility of engaging a skeptical audience in give-and-take during the question and answer period. 

Errors in giving and taking prescription drugs are a serious problem. In this document, updated July 11, 2009, the FDA describes its approach in dealing with the... 

Some retirement activities need to be shared more than others. It is difficult when one person likes to travel but the other does not or when one person likes to go out socially and the other prefers solitude. In these situations, some give and take is necessary. When each person gives a little, good things often happen. Many an individual, through encouragement from a life partner, discovers the joys of social activity or the outdoors. One party learns from the other. When this happens, both individuals come out ahead. 

Adversity (such as health problems in both of us, a lack of contact with friends and family due to MCS) has made our relationship more special and steady. We are two pillars of strength in a none-too-sympathetic world. It s wonderful to know somebody in your life who supports you 100 percent, especially when many others fail to do the same. You yourself are also, of course, an important factor in a loving and respectful relationship. Every good relationship demands a good heart and an extensive give-and-take from both sides, even without MCS. Wanting to see each other happy and unconditionally wishing the best for one another is an important aspect of our relationship. 

Soto, M.J., Domfnguez-Ferreras, A., Perez-Mendoza, D., Sanjuin, J., Olivares, J. Mutualism versus pathogenesis The give-and-take in plant-bacteria interactions. Cell Microbiol 11 (2009) 381-388. 

Successful perfumers represent a rather wide range of personality types, but is seems fair to say that a balanced disposition is optimal (1) a predilection for the patient, persistent, and essentially lonely effort that the creation of a fragrance requires, balanced by the gregariousness needed for the give-and-take that is at the heart of a successful team effort (2) the reliance upon the perfumer s own aesthetic intuitions in their pursuit of the creative effort, tempered by a sensitivity toward the expectations of clients and consumers who may have very different tastes and (3) the high standards and perfectionism that it takes to create fragrances of exceptional quality, coupled with the realism needed to live within the limitations inherent in nearly every practical assignment. 

When two reactions oppose each other, they will eventually reach a point where the amount of product formed is equal to the amount of reactant formed. This situation of an equal give and take is called a state oi equilibrium. Equilibrium is defined as a state of balance between two opposing reactions that are occurring at the same rate. Notice that the definition says nothing about the amounts or concentrations of any reactants or products. The only factors that are equal at equilibrium are the rates of the forward and reverse reactions. 

Goodman, J. (1997). Constructing contradiction The power and powerlessness of women in the giving and taking of evidence in the Bryce Commission, 1895. History of Education 26 299. 

We would spend a most enjoyable day on the sixth floor of Chandler at Columbia University, for example, talking to each of the Gilbert Stork students, learning what they were doing and what they needed. Then a year or two later. I d meet the same students as post-docs at the ETH or Cambridge, and two years later, they d have their first Assistant Professorship at an American university. It was a wonderful give-and-take. I was far better at that than I ever was as research chemist. 

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