Ginseng structure

Ginsenan S-IIA, a polysaccharide fraction from the roots of P. ginseng is a potent inducer of IL-8 production by human monocytes and THP-1 cells, and this induction is accompanied by increased IL-8 mRNA expression. The polysaccharide appears from the structural feature to be a mixture of arabino-galactan type I and type II, based on the presence of 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,3,6-, 1,4-, and 1,4,6-galactose units as well as terminal arabinose and 1,5-, 1,3,5-, and 1,2,5-linked units. It also contains 1,4,6-linked glucose units that together with the 1,2,5-linked arabinose units are different from the units found in other ginseng polysaccharides and may thus be of importance for the activity [64]. 

Structural characterization of a novel rhamnogalactm onan II with macrophage Fc receptor expression enhancing activity from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer... 

Figure 3. The proposed partial structure of GL-4-IIb2 from the leaves of P. ginseng C.A. Meyer.

Nakamura, S., Sugimoto, S., Matsuda, H., and Yoshikawa, M. (2007a). Structures of dammarane-type triterpene triglycosides from the flower buds of Panax ginseng. Heterocycles 71, 577-588. 

Sanada, S. and Shoji, J. (1978). Studies on the saponins of ginseng. III. Structures of ginsenoside-Rb3 and 20-glucoginsenoside-Rf. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 26,1694-1697. 

Wang, W., Zhao, Z.-J., Rayburn, E. R., HiU, D. L., Wang, H., and Zhang, R. (2007). In vitro anti-cancer activity and structure-activity relationships of natural products isolated from fruits of Panax ginseng. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 59,589-601. 

Yoshikawa, M., Murakami, T., Yashiro, K., Yamahara, J., Matsuda, H., Saijoh, R., and Tanaka, O. (1998). Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XI. Structures of new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, Quinquenosides 1, II, III, IV, and V, from American ginseng, the roots of Panax quinquefolium L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 46, 647-654. 

Zhou, J., Wu, M., Taniyasu, S., Besso, H., Tanaka, O., Saruwatari, Y., and Fuwa, T. (1981). Dammarane-saponins of Sanchi-ginseng, roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (Araliaceae) Structures of new saponins, notoginsenosides-Rl and -R2, and identification of ginsenosides-Rg2 and -Rhi. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 29, 2844-2850. 

Y. Nagai, O. Tanaka, and S. Shibata, Chemical studies on the Oriental plant drugs — XXTV Structure of ginsenoside Rgj, a neutral saponin of ginseng root. Tetrahedron 27, 811, 1971. 

Another application, as mentioned earlier in this Chapter and in Chapter 8.1.4, is in the decontamination, mainly from organochlorpesticides, of ginseng. The initial concentrations in the raw materials investigated were in the range of 3.1 to 4.4 ppm for hexachloro-benzene (HCB) and 45 - 64 ppm for quintozen. As both are similar in structure, in addition, another... 

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