Gill site interaction

According to McFarland [26], aquatic toxicity can be considered the result of penetration of toxicant into biophases and its interaction with one or more biochemical sites of action. Thus, he and others have postulated that toxicity is a function of the ability of the chemical to enter biophases and its ability to react with cellular compounds. Bioavailability of chemicals in fish has been shown to be related to chemical flux across fish gills [27], an identified exposure pathway. Flux across fish gills is in turn related to the ability of the chemical to partition between organic and aqueous phases, which is usually correlated with the its octanol-water partition coefficient (logPo/w) [28]. It is therefore not surprising that the acute toxicity of narcotic chemicals has been shown to be related to their propensity to accumulate in the membranes, and hence their logPe/w [29]. 

A biotic ligand model (BLM) has been introduced to describe a characterized site where the metal reaches a critical concentration at the metal-ligand site, which in fish, would be located in the gills. In essence, the BLM is used to predict metal interactions at the biotic ligand site in the context of other competing reactions in aqueous environments. 

Gill [7] argues that this idea of news as conversation has helped give rise to participatory journalism web sites, because participatory journalism expands two-way communication between readers and media. Interaction often is encouraged between journalists and readers. Blogging is another way to encourage interaction between writers and readers because it provides different viewpoints on shared experiences [7]. It can also be used as a tool for journalists to help serve as a collective databank used to jog the faulty memories of those who write or report for major media [7], p. 2. 

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