Germination phytohormones

Agrochemicals from Natural Products, edited by C. R. A. Godfrey Seed Development and Germination, edited by Jaime Kigel and Gad Galili Nitrogen Fertilization in the Environment, edited by Peter Edward Bacon Phytohormones in Soils Microbial Production and Function, William T. 

In addition to its spore germination inhibitor activity, it shows phytohormone (cytokinine) activity. Its derivative without the 3-methylbut-2-enyl residue, 3-(L-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-adenine 2, shows the same regulatory function as discadenine. ... 

The transformed and non-transformed shoots (MAFF clone 1) formed in the dark were transferred onto phytohormone-free (HF) MS solid medium (30 mE3 cm i.d. x 15 cm test tube) and their growth and features were compared with intact shoots grew from seeds. Fig. (64). The non-transformed shoots showed almost the same growth and appearance as the shoots germinated from seeds, while transformed shoots, which also produced mikimopine, demonstrated aberrant structural features such as wider leaves and longer intemodes. 

An interesting effect of Aceria attack on the abscisic acid and ethylene content in the fruits was recorded. This stressor increased the highest values of stimulating phytohormones also. These substances can disturb the dormancy and cause the highest germinability (Fiserova et al., 1999). 

As we have already mentioned in the Introduction, embryo maturation and low germination frequencies are main limitations for a broader use of somatic embryogenesis in practice. Requirement of exogenous phytohormones for efficient somatic embryogenesis is well established. Exogenously supplied polyamines might therefore... 

Thuring JWJF, Harren FJM, Nefkens GHL, Reuss J, Titulaer GTM, de Vries HSM, Zwanenburg B (1994) Ethylene production by seeds of Striga hermonthica induced by germination stimulants. Proc 3rd Int Worksh on Orobanche (8-12 Nov), Amsterdam Voesenek LACJ, van der Veen R (1994) The role of phytohormones in plant stress too much or too little water. Acta Bot Neerl 43 91-127... 

Khan AA, Tao KL (1978) Phytohormones, seed dormancy and germination. In Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds—A comprehensive treatise, Vol II. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 371-422... 

Khan AA, Tao KL (1978) Phytohormones, seed dormancy and germination. In Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds—A comprehensive treatise, Vol II. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 371-422 Letham DS, Higgins TJV, Goodwin PB, Jacobsen JV (1978) Phytohormones in retrospect. In Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds— A comprehensive treatise, Vol I. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 1-28... 

Parallelism hetireen grovth rate and ascorbic acid content In higher plants has led a number of workers to consider AA as an essential groirth factor or even as a phytohormone. However, It has been shown that such a parallelism Is by no means a general one. During germination In the dark, AA... 

Lutein, the most abimdant carotenoid in photosynthetic tissues, is produced via hydrox-ylation of the s-ring of zeionoxanthin catalyzed by CYP97C1 [58]. Crn 707Al and CTm07A2 are critical for the control of seed dormancy and germination in Arabidopsis by hydroxylating abscisic acid at the C-8 position for cataboUsm of this carotenoid-related phytohormone [59]. 

Fertilization is twofold. One of the two sperm cells fuses with the diploid, secondary embryo sac nucleus to form the triploid endosperm nucleus. The endosperm nucleus divides to form many nuclei each of which combines with cytoplasm to form a cell. In this way the multicellular endosperm emerges. Subsequently it can be enriched with reserve materials, vitamins, phytohormones, and other factors that are necessary for development before and, in part, also after germination. In some cases such as the coconut and pumpkin plants the endosperm is wholly or partially fluid. 

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