German Model

Two approaches were used for calculating the safety factors the U.S. EPA approach and the German model, which is one of the methods used in the EEC. 

The German model gradually spread internationally. American universities imported the model, reforming old institutions and, in the late nineteenth century, founding new universities with a dual mandate in teaching and re-... 

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATOR EXPOSURE MODELLING 175 PHED PESTICIDE HANDLERS EXPOSURE DATABASE 176 General Description 176 Qnality of Data 177 Formnlations and Use Scenarios 177 Use in Risk Assessment 178 Exposnre Rednction Measures 178 Model Updates 179 Comments on the Model 179 GERMAN MODEL 180 General Description 180 Formulations and Use Scenarios 181 Use in Risk Assessment 182 Exposure Reduction Measures 182 Model Updates 182 Comments on the Model 183... 

The German model was developed with a goal to determine the nature of any special risks and safety precautions for the protection of workers handling pesticides as required by Council Directive 91/414/EEC. To comply with this Directive, exposure estimates must be compared to tolerable (acceptable) exposures for the relevant use scenarios and the active substance (active ingredient) under consideration. 

UK-POEM, 75 percentile German model, geometric mean PHED, geometric mean Dutch model, 90th per-centile EUROPOEM, 75th percentile. 

The data on which the estimated levels of exposure are based vary greatly. Some of the differences in these calculated exposure levels might be explained by the nse of different statistics, differences between pre-registration studies (UK model, German model and PHED) and surveillance (post-registration studies), but it is likely that some other (local) factors contribute substantially to the variance. 

In order to illnstrate the effect of a probabilistic exposnre estimate versus a point estimate, a case study has been put together in which a German model point-estimate is compared to the German model probabilistic estimate when nsing a probability distribution generator (DistGen). 

Tire M50A2 4 lb Incendiary Bomb was similar to British and German models. It was hexagonal in shape and had a body of cast-magnesium alioy (1.25 lbs), an iron nose plug and a sheet-metal tail. It was 21.3 long and... 

First of all, medical schools were generally very different from chemistry departments. The medical schools were structured on the German model, they were wholly hierarchical. They would hire a man as head or chairman of the department and he would come in with a whole group of his... 

Hannaway, Owen (1976). The German Model of Chemical Education in America Ira Remsen at Johns Hopkins (1876-1913). Ambvx 23 145-164. 

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