Geographical incidence

A comparison of the geographical incidence and prevalence of hepatitis B with that of multiple sclerosis, which shows large differences Scandinavia and Northern Europe have the highest rates of multiple sclerosis and the lowest rates of hepatitis B infection, whereas in Africa and in Asia there are very low rates of multiple sclerosis and the highest rates of hepatitis B infection. If the virus does not cause multiple sclerosis, it is unlikely that the vaccine can do so. 

IR.i.y.i = individual risk of fatality at geographical location x,y from incident outcome case i n = total number of incident outcome cases... 

As noted above, geographical and temporal differences in the incidence of colon cancer are well established (see also Table 3). This has led to the suggestion that diet may play a key role, with low colon cancer incidences being linked with vegetarian or semi-vegetarian diets. "... 

The geographical location of the insured property (experience shows that metropolitan and urban areas have a crime incidence which is above average for the UK) and... 

The incidence of these syndromes seems to vary according to geographical area and ethnic background but is about 0.2-0.3 per 100,000.population (mean annual incidence rate). However incidence rates calculated for adult populations are up to three times higher. The fifth and sixth decades show peak incidence rates and there is also clear biomodality across the full age spectrum due to the existence of a juvenile form of dermatomyositis (JDM) which is pathogenetically distinct. Polymyositis, uncomplicated by skin changes, can also occur as a juvenile condition. 

Thereafter, the primary functions of the study QA specialist fell into two main headings. First, GLP compliance during the collection and documentation of commodity samples had to be assured. This was done via observation of several collections for different shops (collection incidents) at various geographic locations. In these audits, the study QA specialist examined specific items, such as (1) did the shopper follow the written instructions, (2) were the correct types and numbers of samples collected, (3) was the documentation maintained as required, (4) were the samples labeled and packaged correctly, and (5) were the samples delivered to the shipper as required Findings were communicated to study management and used as appropriate in subsequent shops. 

The output of an exposure and risk assessment will usually describe the levels of exposure and quantity the population exposed for both humans and other biota, and will estimate the associated probabilities of the incidence of adverse health effects. Population exposure or risk, obtained by multiplying the individual (per capita) exposure or risk by the numbers exposed at each level of exposure, may also be a useful measure of impact. Various analyses can be performed on the results, for example, comparison of exposures in a particular geographic area against national average exposure levels. Likewise, for the same pollutant, environmental risks due to a particular industry might be compared against risks associated with occupational or household activities. In addition, the health risk of different substances could be compared for priority setting. 

Soil populations and aflatoxin contamination are influenced by weather patterns, with hot dry soils favoring the Aspergillus section Flavi. In terms of geographic location, A. flavus incidence is correlated with high minimum temperatures and inversely correlated to latitude. For example, corn ears that develop at temperatures of 28 to 32°C are far more likely to be contaminated by aflatoxin than ears grown later in the season at lower temperatures. However, late planting is not economically feasible due to lower crop yields. Besides hot dry weather, the level of insect and rodent activity in an area may also substantially favor colonization and aflatoxin production. Plant fertility, density, and disease also play roles in the level of aflatoxin contamination. 

The calculation of individual risk at a geographical location near a facility assumes that the contributions of all incident outcome cases are additive (IChemE, 1985). Thus, the total individual risk at each point is equal to the sum of the individual risks, at a specific point, for all fire scenarios that can impact that point. 

Kamangar, F., Dores, G. M., and Anderson, W. F. (2006). Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents Defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. /. Clin. Oncol. 24, 2137-2150. 

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