Geographic grids

Figure 3.8. The spatial distribution of soil-plant formations over the 4° x 5° geographical grid and their representation by pixels in the GMNSS spatial structure. Identifiers of the types of soil-plant formations are explained in Table 3.9.

Let us suppose that the AYRS watershed has area Q. The spatial structure of Q is determined by the spatial discretization of the AYRS surface with a uniform geographic grid with latitude ip and longitude A divided into steps of A ip and AA, respectively. In this study, we suppose A[Pg.388]

The ice data were evaluated to obtain the ice concentration and thickness on a regular geographic grid. The size of each grid cell is 0.5° X 0.5°. The ice concentration (data is available for the complete period) has been indicated in percent (between 10 and 100) for each grid point. Ice thickness was not included regularly in the charts prior to the winter of 1981/1982, that is, ice thickness at the grid points is available only for the period 1982-2005. 

The spatial structure of the MMGEP model is determined by the databases available. Spatial inhomogeneity is provided for by the various forms of space discretization. The basic type of spatial discretization of the Earth surface is a uniform geographic grid with arbitrary latitude and longitude steps. 

Magnetic declination Angular difference, east or west, at any geographical location, between true north or grid north and magnetic north. 

In order to know the geographical distribution of the UV components in Portugal mainland it was used a regular grid with the topography of the territory with approximately 0.08° x 0.08° spatial resolution (figure 10). 

Grid is a hybrid scheme where each node is characterized by its ID and geographic position latitude and longitude [Li 00, Che 02], Grid employs... 

The next task is to provide geographic positions. According to the Grid s terminology, this task is labeled Grid s Focation Service (GFS). Assume that 81 wants to send a packet to 11. Figure 6 provides an illustration for this... 

In the Southwest region of the United States, the area requirements of smaller photovoltaic systems can be estimated at about 6 acres per mW or about 300 acres for a smaller city requiring 50 mW. In the same geographic location, if part of the roof area is covered with collectors and is connected to the grid, the system usually can make the home energy free, including transportation by charging the batteries of an electric car with the excess electricity. 

Because of the intermittent nature of wind, there are concerns that if this source of power reaches a certain size in relation to other power sources in a national electricity grid, the grid may destabilize. The European Wind Energy Association argues, however, that the geographical dispersion of wind farms is likely to even out the flow once such farms reach a critical mass. 

Figure 5.71. Geographical distribution of Januctry average space heating requirements in the year 2050, based on satellite measurements of temperature (on a gross scale of an approximately 50-km grid) in combination with the scenario s assumed building standards. The variations thus reflect both dimate differences across Denmark and differences in heated space per unit cell. The map uses the Mollweide area-preserving projection, in contrast to the straight longitude-latitude co-ordinate system of, e.g.. Fig. 5.70 (Sorensen ei al., 2001).

We are brain cartographers, and, like our geographer colleagues, our central aim is to provide precise coordinates and accurate identification of features of interest. In this fourth edition of our atlas, we have used the proven stereotaxic reference system that we constructed for the first edition (Paxinos and Watson, 1982). This reference system is now universally recognized as the optimum grid for stereotaxic work in the rat brain. We have completely revised the identification of brain structures in order to produce an atlas that will be useful beyond the end of this century. 

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