Genetics of insecticidal resistance

Oppenoorth, F.J., Biochemistry and genetics of insecticide resistance, in Comprehensive insect biochemistry and pharmacology, Kerkut, G.A. and Gilbert, L.I., Eds., Vol. 12, New York Pergamon Press, 1985, p. 731. 

Daly. J.C. (1993). Ecology and genetics of insecticide resistance in HeUauvrfw tirmijieru interactions between selection and gene How. Genetica 90,217-226. 

Oppenoorth, F.J. 1965. Biochemical genetics of insecticide resistance. Anna. Rev. Entomol., 10, 185-206. 

Oppenoorth, F. J. Biochemistry and genetics of insecticide resistance, pp. 731-773. In G.A. Kerkut and L.I. Gilbert [eds]. Comprehensive insect physiology. Pergamon, Oxford, 1985. 

Tabashnik, B.E. and N.L. Cushing. 1989. Quantitative genetic analysis of insecticide resistance variation in fenvalerate tolerance in a diamondback moth (Lepidoptera Plutellidae) population. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 82 5-10. 

Tsukamoto, M., The log dosage-probit mortality curve in genetic research of insecticide resistance in insecticides, Botyu-Kagaku (Scientific Pest Control), 28, 91,1963. 

Plapp, F. W., Jr., Genetics and biochemistry of insecticide resistance in arthropods Prospects for the future, in Pesticide resistance Strategies and tactics for management, Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1986, p. 74. 

Tsukamoto, M., Methods of genetic analysis of insecticide resistance, in Pest resistance to pesticides, Georghiou, G.P. and Saito, T., Eds., New York Plenum Press, 1983, p. 71. 

While Drosophila is certainly the insect which has been most intensively studied, it is worth mentioning that genetic studies may become important in other genera as we struggle with problems of insecticide resistance, for example. Fortunately, other insects do have some of the features which make Drosophila favorable for study, such as polytene chromosomes, and it may be that recombinant DNA research combined with such features will encourage much more work in other species. 

Our current understanding of insecticide resistance phenomena in insects and other arthropods is based upon genetic and biochemical evidence, which implicates a number of different mechanisms (1). These include metabolic mechanisms, which result in enhanced rates of insecticide detoxication or sequestration of insecticide, and also mechanisms involving reduced... 

The genetic basis of insecticide resistance is not well understood. Many genes for resistance traits have been mapped to chromosomes of the house fly, Musca domestica (3.4). Drosophila melanogaster (78), and mosquitoes, Aedes aeqypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (5.6). In some cases, the expression of the biochemical... 

BROWN Biochemical Genetic Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance... 

Georghiou, G.F. and Taylor, C.F. 1977. Genetic and biological influences in evolution of insecticide resistance. /. Econ. Entomol., 70, 319-323. 

Richter, R 1992. Possible genetic start points and end points of insecticide resistance evolution. In Mechanism of Action and Resistance, Otto, D. and Weber, B., Eds. Intercept Ltd., Andover, U.K. pp. 355-363. 

The development of strains resistant to insecticides is an extremely widespread phenomenon that is known to have occurred in more than 200 species of insects and mites, and resistance of up to several 100-fold has been noted. The different biochemical and genetic factors involved have been studied extensively and well characterized. Relatively few vertebrate species are known to have developed pesticide resistance and the level of resistance in vertebrates is low compared to that often found in insects. Susceptible and resistant strains of pine voles exhibit a 7.4-fold difference in endrin toxicity. Similarly pine mice of a strain resistant to endrin were reported to be 12-fold more tolerant than a susceptible strain. Other examples include the occurrence of organochlorine insecticide-resistant and susceptible strains of mosquito fish, and resistance to Belladonna in certain rabbit strains. 

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