Genetically modi

Gas chromatography (GC) is suitable for the determination of volatile Se species, and the direct coupling to ICP-MS detection has been used in few studies. Dimethylselenide and dimethyldiselenide were found as the primary Se species in the headspace of genetically modi bed Brassica juncea seedlings [79]. GC separation of volatile, chiral derivatives of Se-Met enantiomers has also been studied [19, 80, 81]. 

Microbial bioreporters play an important role in environmental monitoring and ecotoxicology. Microorganisms that are genetically modi-... 

Miraglia, M., K.G. Berdal, C. Brera, P. Corbisier, A. Holst-Jensen, E.J. Kok, H.J. Marvin et al., 2004. Detection and traceability of genetically modi ed organisms in the food production chain. 

Dupre, A., Boyer-Chatenet, L., Satder, R.M., Modi, A.P., Lee, J.-H., Nicolette, M.L., Kopelovich, L., Jasin, M., Baer, R, Pauli, T.T., et al, (2008) A Forward Chemical Genetic Screen Reveals an Inhibitor of the Mrell-Rad50-Nbsl Complex. Nat Chem Biol, 4,119. 

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is characterized by type 2 diabetes at or before adolescence. It is a genetically heterogeneous disease, for which at least five different genes have been identified. MODY3, one of the most common forms, is characterized by a mutation in the hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-lo gene. MODY3 can be very sensitive to sulfonylureas (SEDA-22, 475) (9,10). 

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus This is the most prevalent form of diabetes and is characterized by both an insulin secretion defect and insulin resistance. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), attributable to mutations of the glucose kinase gene (discussed earlier), may also be classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is a contributory factor and may predispose to insulin resistance with eventual development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The precise mechanism by which obesity leads to insulin resistance in the target tissues is not understood. However, in several animal models (e.g., ob/ob mouse, db/db mouse) mutations have been identified that cause both obesity and diabetes mellitus. Unlike type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 is not an autoimmune disease. Studies with monozygotic twins have revealed a 90% concordance rate for type 2 diabetes mellitus, suggesting the involvement of genetic factors in the development of the disease. 

Type 1 DM idiopathic is a nonimmune form of diabetes frequently seen in minorities with intermittent insulin requirements. The prevalence of type 1 DM has been increasing over the last one hundred years. Maturity onset diabetes of youth (MODY), which has an identifiable genetic defect in the glucokinase gene, and endocrine disorders such as acromegaly and Cushing s syndrome, can be secondary causes of DM. These unusual etiologies, however, only account for 1% to 2% of the total cases of type 2 DM. See the section on other forms of diabetes mellitus later in this chapter for further discussion. 

Tonon G, Modi S, Wu L, et al. t(ll 19)(q21 pl3) translocation in mucoepidermoid carcinoma creates a novel fusion product that disrupts Notch signaling pathway. Nature Genet. 2003 33 208-213. 

Hoehe, M.R., Caenazzo, L., Martinez, M.M., Hsieh, W-T., Modi, W.S., Gershon, E.S., Bonner T.I. (1991) Genetic and physical mapping of the human cannabinoid receptor gene to chromosome 6ql4-ql5. New Biol. 3, 880-885. 

Winkler C, Modi W, Smith MW, et al. Genetic restriction of AIDS pathogenesis by an SDF-1 chemokine gene varianL Science 1998 279 389-393. 

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