Genetic marker pairs

One approach that has been explored is the use of genetic markers to define race. Given that there are three billion bases in human DNA with 99.9% of these bases exactly the same across individuals, this means that each individual has more than three million unique base pairs. There are too many unique base pairs per individual for classification using all unique base pairs. Hence, the base... 

The restriction fragments of different sizes (restriction-fragment length polymorphisms, or RFLPs) that come about as a result of different base sequences on paired chromosomes were used as genetic markers to determine the exact position of the cystic fibrosis gene on chromosome 7. 

SNPs are point mutations that constitute the most common type of genetic variation and are found at a rate of 0.5-10 per 1000 base pairs within the human genome. SNPs are stable mutations that can be contributory factors for human disease and can also serve as genetic markers. The complex interaction between multiple genes and the environment necessi-... 

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism When comparing the same sequence from two individuals, there can often be single base pair changes or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These can be useful genetic markers. 

The walk-back selection scheme (Doyle and Herbinger, 1994) uses genetic markers to assign the candidates to the most probable parent pair. In this way, a pedigree file is set up and within-family selection... 

Base pair substitution (A T to G C or G C to A T) and frameshift mutations (deletions) in S. typhimurium strains are represented to identify both types of mutation caused by a test compound. Therefore, differences in the activity of a test compound acting in these strains may yield some insight into how the compounds interact with the DNA of bacteria. Additionally, some genetic markers have been developed to make the strains more sensitive to certain types of mutagens. 

Centimorgan (cM) The recombination frequency is measured in centimorgans. One cM is equal to a 1% chance that a marker at one genetic locus will be separated from a marker at a second locus by crossing over (in a single generation). One cM is equivalent, on average, to 1 million base pairs in humans. 

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