General Survey of Synthesis

The most important oxirane syntheses are by addition of an oxygen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond, i.e. by the epoxidation of alkenes, and these are considered in Section 5.05.4.2.2. The closing, by nucleophilic attack of oxygen on carbon, of an OCCX moiety is dealt with in Section 5.05.4.2.1 (this approach often uses alkenes as starting materials). Finally, oxirane synthesis from heterocycles is considered in Section 5.05.4.3 one of these methods, thermal rearrangement of 1,4-peroxides (Section 5.05.4.3.2), has assumed some importance in recent years. The synthesis of oxiranes is reviewed in (B-73MI50500) and (64HC(19-1U). 

There are several examples of the synthesis of optically active oxiranes by /3-elimination, e.g. (80TL2733, 81HCA687, 81JOC3348). 

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Cycloadditions. 3.9 Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. 3.10 Polymerization. 4 Oxiranes Synthesis. 4.1 General Survey of Synthesis. 4.2 Nonenantioselective Methods... 

Our general survey of palladium in organic synthesis must now come to an end. At the very least, we hope that our brief foray into this fascinating area conveys some of the vitality that characterizes research in this area. The remainder of this chapter will address the first total synthesis of rapamycin by the Nicolaou group. This work is predicated on a novel variant of the Stille reaction. 

This review on the synthesis, properties, and chemistry of coordination complexes will concentrate on the literature since the end of 1985, referring to earlier literature only where relevant. It includes a general survey of recent publications, with more detailed discussions of interesting developments in the latter sections. Analogous Ru chemistry will also be included in particular sections, to show the similarities and differences in the chemistry of these elements. Appropriate literature dealing with organometallic chemistry will be referred to where relevant to the discussion of the coordination chemistry, because Os chemistry often transcends these traditional boundaries. However, no attempt has been made to review recent developments in Os organo-... 

The earlier literature pertaining to this small group of indolizidine alkaloids was described in Volume 28 of this treatise (/). More recent coverage may be found in a general survey of indolizidine alkaloids from plant and fungal sources 14), and in a review on the synthesis of indolizidine alkaloids (555). 

For a recent general survey of organosulfur in synthesis Metzner, P. Thuillier, A. Sulfur Reagents in Organic Synthesis, Academic Press London, 1995. 

For a recent general survey of organotellurium compounds in organic synthesis Petragnani, N., Tellurium in Organic Synthesis Academic Press London, 1994. 

In this Introduction, references not given specifically are eontained, prior to 1972, in Meienhofer s review (4), prior to 1989 in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. A Practical Approach (5), and prior to 1993 in the European Peptide Symposium Josef Rudinger Lecture (6). Reference 5 gives a general survey of the development of Fmoc-based soUd phase synthesis up to 1989. 

Some limitations of the subject surveyed have been necessary in order to keep the size of the chapter within the reasonable bounds. Accordingly, to make it not too long and readable, the discussion of the methods of the sulphoxide synthesis will be divided into three parts. In the first part, all the general methods of the synthesis of sulphoxides will be briefly presented. In the second one, methods for the preparation of optically active sulphoxides will be discussed. The last part will include the synthetic procedures leading to functionalized sulphoxides starting from simple dialkyl or arylalkyl sulphoxides. In this part, however, the synthesis of achiral, racemic and optically active sulphoxides will be treated together. Each section and subsection includes, where possible, some considerations of mechanistic aspects as well as short comments on the scope and limitations of the particular reaction under discussion. 

The intention of this chapter is to provide a general survey on the preparative methodologies for the size- and shape-selective synthesis of metallic nanoparticles that have emerged from the benches of chemical basic research during the last few decades and become established as practical standard protocols. Industrial scale-up, however, has only just started to test the economic viability of these procedures and to determine whether they can meet the challenges of a number of very specific applications. The commercial manufacture of such thermodynamically extremely unstable nanoparticles in defined sizes and shapes on the kilo-scale is still confronted by a number of major problems and it remains to be seen how these can be solved. 

Several reviews of P-lactam chemistry have appeared including a general survey with 407 references <99MI335>. Other reviews include discussions of thioester enolate-imine reactions , enantio- and diastereo-selective routes to azetidinones <99MI221>, the use of diazoketones in diastereoselective synthesis <99MI43>, and solid-phase and combinatorial syntheses of p-lactams <99MI955>. 

JH Jones. The formation of peptide bonds a general survey, in The Peptides Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Vol. 1, pp 65-104. Academic Press, New York, 1979. 

The methods for synthesis of starting cyclic dienes, the rearrangement conditions and kinetic characteristics of basic substrate reactions over a wide range of substitution variations were generalized in work97 which included a quite detailed survey of related publications. 

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