General Initiatives

Green Chemistry (University Jaume I-Bancaixa, Castellon, 2002) Workshop on Sustainable Chemistry (University Menendez Pelayo, Formi-gal, Huesca, 2004) 

Climate Change and the Protocol of Kyoto (University Complutense of Madrid, El Escorial, Madrid, 2004) 

Sustainable Chemistry. Towards a Cleaner Production (International University of Andalusia, Seville, 2005) 

Environmental Education, the Way Towards Sustainable Development (Suances, Cantabria, 2006) 

Environmental Values in Education (University of Alcala de Henares, Caceres, 2013). 

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Initiators. The degree of polymerization is controlled by the addition rate of initiator(s). Initiators (qv) are chosen primarily on the basis of half-life, the time required for one-half of the initiator to decay at a specified temperature. In general, initiators of longer half-Hves are chosen as the desired reaction temperature increases they must be well dispersed in the reactor prior to the time any substantial reaction takes place. When choosing an initiator, several factors must be considered. For the autoclave reactor, these factors include the time permitted for completion of reaction in each zone, how well the reactor is stirred, the desired reaction temperature, initiator solubiUty in the carrier, and the cost of initiator in terms of active oxygen content. For the tubular reactors, an additional factor to take into account is the position of the peak temperature along the length of the tube (9). 

Access to a variety of unsaturated perfluorinated telomers is provided by the homoielomenzation of perfluorinated alkenes, generally initiated and catalyzed by fluoride ton [22]... 

Fig 10 shows the variation of airborne gunshot residue collected at various times after one firing. Following a general initial exponential fall-off, the rate of decrease slows at 48 hrs after firing. 

Combustion is generally initiated by the introduction of a finite amount of energy to raise a finite volume of the material to its ignition temperature. Potential ignition sources for vapour—air mixtures are listed in Table 5.3, and temperatures in Table 5.4. They include ... 

There are many studies on the induction and spread of spiking in animals both in vivo and in isolated brain slices, generally initiated by the use of GABA antagonists or removal of Mg + ions in vitro). Unfortunately since neither of these events is likely to occur in or around a human epileptic focus the results do not tell us much about how focal activity arises and spreads in humans. This needs to be achieved by the use of human epileptic tissue even though the procedures found to control experimentally induced spiking may well be applicable to humans. 

Monooxygenases generally initiate the degradation of phenols and their ethers ... 

Aerobic degradation of chlorinated arene hydrocarbons, including the important group PCBs, and chlorobenzoates that are produced from them as metabolites, is generally initiated by dihy-droxylation of the rings to dihydrodiols followed by dehydrogenation to catechols. Halide may be lost simultaneously and for 2-halogenated benzoates, both halide and carboxyl. Salient aspects are summarized, and attention drawn to selected aspects of enzyme inhibition. 

The main goal of this report is to present a phenomenon of highly general nature manifested in various dynamical systems. We present the occurrence of peculiar quantization by the parameter of intensity of the excited oscillations and we show that given unchanging conditions it is possible to excite oscillations with a strictly defined discrete set of amplitudes the rest of the amplitudes being forbidden . The realization of oscillations with a specific amplitude from the permitted discrete set of amplitudes is determined by the initial conditions. The occurrence of this unusual property is predetermined by the new general initial conditions, i.e. the nonlinear action of the external excited force with respect to the coordinate of the system subjected to excitation. 

A procedure that assists in the characterization of binding mechanisms for sequential (/.e., non-ping pong) reactions . The same general initial rate expression applies to the steady-state ordered Bi Bi reaction, the rapid-equilibrium random Bi Bi reaction, and the Theorell-... 

Abbreviations, generally initials in capital letters, are also employed to describe polymers. Table 3 contains a listing of some of the more widely used abbreviations and the polymer associated with the abbreviation. 

Transfer to orai anti hypertensives - If treatment includes transfer to an oral antihypertensive other than nicardipine, generally initiate therapy upon discontinuation of the infusion. If oral nicardipine is to be used, administer the first dose of a 3-times-daily regimen 1 hour prior to discontinuation of the infusion. 

Diuretics - Generally initiate therapy with a thiazide or other oral diuretic. Thiazide-type diuretics are drugs of choice hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone are generally preferred. Reserve loop diuretics for selected patients. This therapy alone may control many cases of mild hypertension. Consider treating diuretic-induced hypokalemia (less than 3.5 mEq/L) with potassium supplementation or by adding a potassium-sparing diuretic to therapy. 

Ring-opening polymerizations are generally initiated by the same types of ionic initiators previously described for the cationic and anionic polymerizations of monomers with carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen double bonds (Chap. 5). Most cationic ring-opening polymerizations involve the formation and propagation of oxonium ion centers. Reaction... 

The method for solving Equation 2-14 for the general initial condition is instructive because it is the method to solve all second-order reversible reactions. The first step is to note that the terms inside the braces in the right-hand side of Equation 2-14 is a quadratic form +([H+]o+[OH ]o) +([H+]o[OH ]o fCw), which can be rewritten as i)( 2), with and 2 being the two zeros of the... 

A larger set of placebo-controlled studies show conclusively that imipramine is also effective for the treatment of panic disorders. Other agents shown to be effective in panic disorders include the SSRIs paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine and citalopram. Generally, initial treatment of moderate to severe panic disorders may require the initiation of a short course of benzodiazepines e.g. clonazepam (0.5 1 mg twice daily), and an SSRI. The patient will obtain immediate relief from panic attacks with the benzodiazepine whereas the SSRI may take 1 6 weeks to become effective. Once a patient is relieved of initial panic attacks, clonazepam should be tapered and discontinued over several weeks and SSRI therapy continued thereafter. There are no pharmacological treatments available for specific phobias, however controlled trials have shown efficacy for several agents, e.g. phenelzine, moclobemide. clonazepam, alprazolam, fluvoxamine. sertraline and paroxetine in the treatment of social phobia (Roy-Byrne and Cowlev, 2002). 

Reactions are generally initiated by the loss of CO from the metal carbene. Benzannulation (Eq. 11) is one of the best known transformations, as is cyclopro-... 

The TATA box and/or an initiation sequence are structural elements which define a minimal promoter from which in vitro transcription can be initiated. A classical TATA box is often, though not always, ca. 30bp from the transcription start site. The initiation sequence includes sequences in the immediate vicinity of the transcription start site. The TATA box and initiation sequence are sufficient for the formation of a basal transcription apparatus composed of general initiation factors for transcription and RNA polymerase II (see Fig. 1.31). 

Formation of a Basal Transcription Apparatus from General Initiation Factors and RNA Polymerase... 

In contrast to the procaryotes, where the o -holoenzyme of the RNA polymerase can initiate transcription without the aid of accessory factors, the eucaryotic RNA polymerase requires the help of numerous proteins to begin transcription. These proteins are termed basal or general initiation factors of transcription. Together with RNA polymerase II, they participate in the basal transcription apparatus. The various components must associate in a defined order for the formation of a transcription-competent complex, from which a low level of transcription is possible. An increase in the basal transcriptional level requires the effect of specific transcriptional activators, which bind cognate DNA sequences at a variable distance from the promoter. The transcriptional activators themselves require the aid of further protein factors, known as coactivators (see 1.4.3.2), in order to attain full stimulatory activity. 

The purification and structural and functional characterization of the general initiation factors has proven extremely difficult. The specific function of the various factors, as well as their structural role in the entire complex, remains poorly resolved. According to the current model, the general transcription initiation factors, with which an exact start of transcription is possible in vitro, are required for the formation of a basal... 

Table 1.L General initiation factors of transcription by RNA polymerase II After Roeder (1996). TAF TATA box binding protein associated factor TBP TATA box binding protein RNA Pol II RNA polymerase II...

The formation of an active, regulation-competent initiation complex for transcription in eucaryotes demands the concerted action of a large number of proteins. It is estimated that more than 50 different proteins participate in the initiation of transcription in eucaryotes. The basal transcription complex, consisting of the general initiation factors, as well as RNA polymerase 11, allows only for a slow transcription rate. For a regulated acceleration of this low transcription rate it is necessary to have - apart from the regulatory DNA-binding proteins - mediation by further co-activator proteins. 

Roeder, R.G. The role of general initiation factors in transcription by RNA polymerase II (1996) Trends Biochem. Sd. 21, 327-555... 

In many studies the chemisorption and the surface reaction is just the first step in a series of solid state reactions that take place as atoms from the surface move into the bulk. Corrosion, oxide, carbide and other compound formations are generally initiated at the surface and then propagate into the bulk. There may be a concentration gradient of certain constituents at the surface in a multicomponent system that would influence the mechanical or chemical properties of the system. Hardening of materials and other forms of passivation treatment frequently involve introduction of certain substances only in the near surface region. For the investigation of these problems RHEED is a powerful technique. 

Explosives can therefore be classified by the ease with which they can be ignited and subsequently exploded. Primary explosives are readily ignited or detonated by a small mechanical or electrical stimulus. Secondary explosives are not so easily initiated they require a high velocity shockwave generally produced from the detonation of a primary explosive. Propellants are generally initiated by a flame, and they do not detonate, only deflagrate. 

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