General commercial data systems

There are a number of commercial packages on the market for this purpose but they suffer from the same limitations as the general purpose data systems described earlier. As long as the MARS system already does a nice job of data management, display, and reporting, it is logical to implement a specialized acquisition module for real time applications. 

Applications of structured packing into ethylene plant s various column systems [119] have been successfully achieved, but the individual manufacturers must be consulted to use their most directly applicable pilot and commercial data, which are generally not published. The use of published general correlations should only be used for a first or approximation design, while the delicate or important final design must be performed in cooperation with the manufacturer. 

We have discussed here, very briefly, some recent observations of small particle surfaces and how these relate to geometrical catalytic effects. These demonstrate the general conclusion that high resolution imaging can provide a direct, structural link between bulk LEED analysis and small particle surfaces. Apart from applications to conventional surface science, where the sensitivity of the technique to surface inhomogenieties has already yielded results, there should be many useful applications in catalysis. A useful approach would be to combine the experimental data with surface thermodynamic and morphological analyses as we have attempted herein. There seems no fundamental reason why results comparable to those described cannot be obtained from commercial catalyst systems. 

The above comments apply generally to chromatographic data systems, and many are available commercially, based on a wide variety of microcomputers. Data systems for use in SEC are basically the same as those already described, but utilize additional software for calculation of the average molecular masses. This capability is only available from a limited number of manufacturers (see Table 2.1). 

Practical applications of thermodynamics as well as theoretical calculations of thermodynamic properties generally require data of real systems. In most cases these data rest on laboratory measurements of various physical properties. The study of phase behavior and thermodynamic properties of polymers and mixtures containing pol miers has been subject of interest during the last 50 years. Investigations on such properties for copol mier systems were emphasized during the last decade when copol miers gained an increasing commercial interest because of their unique physical properties. 

Typical nonsieve, polar adsorbents are siUca gel and activated alumina. Kquilihrium data have been pubUshed on many systems (11—16,46,47). The order of affinity for various chemical species is saturated hydrocarbons < aromatic hydrocarbons = halogenated hydrocarbons < ethers = esters = ketones < amines = alcohols < carboxylic acids. In general, the selectivities are parallel to those obtained by the use of selective polar solvents in hydrocarbon systems, even the magnitudes are similar. Consequendy, the commercial use of these adsorbents must compete with solvent-extraction techniques. 

In general, the commercially used optical data storage media deposit the information on disks or cards (two-dimensional data deposition. Table 1). Data storage systems, which store data in three and more dimensions are being developed. 

The constant may depend on process variables such as temperature, rate of agitation or circulation, presence of impurities, and other variables. If sufficient data are available, such quantities may be separated from the constant by adding more terms ia a power-law correlation. The term is specific to the Operating equipment and generally is not transferrable from one equipment scale to another. The system-specific constants i and j are obtainable from experimental data and may be used ia scaleup, although j may vary considerably with mixing conditions. Illustration of the use of data from a commercial crystallizer to obtain the kinetic parameters i, andy is available (61). 

---