Gene sequencing techniques

Rapid developments in preparation of crystals of macromolecules and in experimental techniques for structure analysis and refinement have led to a revolution in structural biology. These factors have contributed significantly to an enormous increase in the number of laboratories performing structural studies of macromolecules to atomic resolution and the number of such studies per lab. Advances include (1) recombinant DNA techniques that permit almost any protein or nucleic acid to be produced in large amounts (2) rapid protein and DNA (gene) sequencing techniques that have made protein sequencing routine (3) better X-ray detectors ... 

This chapter has reviewed the application of ROA to studies of unfolded proteins, an area of much current interest central to fundamental protein science and also to practical problems in areas as diverse as medicine and food science. Because the many discrete structure-sensitive bands present in protein ROA spectra, the technique provides a fresh perspective on the structure and behavior of unfolded proteins, and of unfolded sequences in proteins such as A-gliadin and prions which contain distinct structured and unstructured domains. It also provides new insight into the complexity of order in molten globule and reduced protein states, and of the more mobile sequences in fully folded proteins such as /1-lactoglobulin. With the promise of commercial ROA instruments becoming available in the near future, ROA should find many applications in protein science. Since many gene sequences code for natively unfolded proteins in addition to those coding for proteins with well-defined tertiary folds, both of which are equally accessible to ROA studies, ROA should find wide application in structural proteomics. 

Oxford Gene Technologies offers services and licenses their proprietary technologies. The array technique surveys hybridization across gene sequences. The customized DNA microarray service supports research activities, and includes consultation, experimental design, data analysis, and interpretation. 

The first nucleotide sequence for CHS was determined from cultured parsley cells [53]. Since then, its expression and regulation have been extensively studied in numerous plant systems in relation to a myriad of different conditions and stimuli [e.g., 21 and ref therein]. Due to its key role in flavonoid biosynthesis, CHS has been a popular target for various gene-silencing techniques in attempts to generate flavonoid-deficient plants [16, 54 and ref therein]. 

Advances in DNA and peptide sequencing techniques [9-14] lead to a large number of potentially useful gene and peptide sequences now widely available in the national databases. 

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