Gene-cloning methodologies

After the introduction of gene cloning methodologies, three new receptor subtypes, D3, D4 and D5, were characterized over the years. Characterization of complementary DNA for all five receptor subtypes showed that D3 and D5 receptors share high homology in their transmembrane sequences similarly, the transmembrane sequences of D2, D3 and D4 receptors are conserved in the three receptor species (Missale et al., 1998). 

The discovery and exploitation of enzymes in aldoxime-nitrile pathway nitrile hydratase, amidase, nitrilase, aldoxime dehydratase, etc., are shown along with the use of methodologies, such as organic chemistry, microbial screening by enrichment and acclimation culture techniques, enzyme purification, gene cloning, molecular screening by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 

Using advanced genetic engineering methodology, a series of silent mutations was originally introduced into initial fiiagment of gene cloned in... 

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