Velocity gauge

There are several other similar cases, called length gauge, velocity gauge, Kramers-Henneberger frame, which are particular cases of Eq. (2) with appropriate coefficient a[s. All of them are related to the same Lie algebra but with different Hamiltonians and their solution has been reported elsewhere [13]. 

Since B and / are constant for a given measuring system, the intensity of the electromotive force generated will be directly proportional to the gauge velocity... 

Example 8 Compressible Flow with Friction Losses Calculate the discharge rate of air to the atmosphere from a reservoir at 10 Pa gauge and 20 G through 10 m of straight 2-in Schedule 40 steel pipe (inside diameter = 0.0525 m), and 3 standard radius, flanged 90 elhows. Assume 0.5 velocity heads lost for the elhows. 

Once these traverse points have been determined, velocity measurements are made to determine gas flow. The stack-gas velocity is usually determined by means of a pitot tube and differential-pressure gauge. When velocities are very low (less than 3 m/s [10 ft/s]) and when great accuracy is not required, an anemometer may be used. For gases moving in small pipes at relatively high velocities or pressures, orifice-disk meters or venturi meters may be used. These are valuable as continuous or permanent measuring devices. 

The P-t histories illustrated by Fig. 2.9 are not histories of a particle of material moving with the flow, because the coordinate that is fixed is x, and material is flowing past it. A more useful P-t history would use a coordinate system which is attached to the material itself, as a stress or particle velocity gauge would be. Such a coordinate system is defined in the next section. 

These are some of the oldest, yet still the most useful gauges in shock-wave research. They contribute mainly to shock-velocity measurements. In some cases, these gauges alone can provide accurate Hugoniot equation-of-state... 

The objective in these gauges is to measure the time-resolved material (particle) velocity in a specimen subjected to shock loading. In many cases, especially at lower impact pressures, the impact shock is unstable and breaks up into two or more shocks, or partially or wholly degrades into a longer risetime stress wave as opposed to a single shock wave. Time-resolved particle velocity gauges are one means by which the actual profile of the propagating wave front can be accurately measured. 

Measurements from stress gauges, assuming equal accuracy and time resolution, are equivalent to measurements from particle velocity gauges in exploring a material s equation of state. Both piezoresistive and piezoelectric techniques have been used extensively in shock-compression science. 

The easiest thing to do is to get the pump curve from the manufacturer because it has the NPSHr listed at different flows. Nowadays, you can get the pump curve on the Internet with an e-mail to the manufacturer, you can send a fax, or request the curve in the mail or with a local call to the pump representative or distributor. If you wanted to verify the NPSHr on your pump, you ll need a complete set of instrumentation a barometer gauge, compound pressure gauges corrected to the centerline of the pump, a flow meter, a velocity meter, and a thermometer. Definitely, it s easier to get the curve from your supplier. 

Conservation of linear and angular momenta. After equilibrium is reached, the total linear momentum P [Eq. (9)] and total angular momentum L [Eq. (10)] also become constants of motion for Newton s equation and should be conserved. In advanced simulation schemes, where velocities are constantly manipulated, momentum conservation can no longer be used for gauging the stability of the simulation. 

Another serious problem in heat exchangers is corrosion. Severe corrosion can and does occur in tubing and very often with common fluids such as water. Proper material selection based on a full analysis of the operating fluids, velocities and temperatures is mandatory. Very often, heavier gauge tubing is specified to offset the effects of corrosion, but this is only a partial solution. This should be followed by proper start-up, operating and shut-down procedures. 

The evaluation methods could be direct, e.g., measuring a containment index, or indirect, e.g., measuring pressure loss or velocity distribution. The direct methods are used to measure the performance of a hood or an inlet during periodic preventive maintenance. Indirect methods are used for verifying or checking on a daily basis (routine checks). How often each method is used depends on the availability of instrumentation and qualified personnel, since direct measurement of a hood s performance can be both expensive and difficult. On the other hand, indirect methods are usually easier to use and can sometimes include inexpensive, continuously monitoring instruments (pressure gauges or velocity indicators). 

Aneroid gauge A gauge used for the measurement of static, velocity, or total pressure with a pitot tube. 

Aneroid gauge, electronic An aneroid gauge with the advantage of being able to integrate the velocity pressure directly into velocity. 

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