Gasifiers Koppers-Totzek

IV) Entrained Bed (Suspension) Gasifier (Koppers-Totzek, Texaco, Brand W, Foster Wheeler, Combustion Engineering,etc.)... 

Konjac flour Konygreen Koppers-Totzek Koppers-Totzek gasifier... 

In 1974 a 1000 t/d ammonia plant went into operation near Johaimesburg, South Africa. The lignitic (subbituminous) coal used there contains about 14% ash, 36% volatile matter, and 1% sulfur. The plant has six Koppers-Totzek low pressure, high temperature gasifiers. Refrigerated methanol (—38° C, 3.0 MPa (30 atm)) is used to remove H2S. A 58% CO mixture reacts with steam over an iron catalyst to produce H2. The carbon dioxide is removed with methanol (at —58° C and 5.2 MPa (51 atm)). Ammonia synthesis is carried out at ca 22 MPa (220 atm) (53) (see Ammonia). 

The success of the Sasol project is attributed to the availabiUty of cheap coal and the rehabiUty of the selected components. Plants using Lurgi or Koppers-Totzek gasifiers for making chemicals are located in AustraUa, Turkey, Greece, India, and Yugoslavia, among other countries. 

The Texaco gasification process, currently owned by GE, is also of the EF type. A main difference with the aforementioned technologies is that the fuel is fed as a water slurry, whereas Koppers-Totzek- and Shell-based coal gasifiers use some steam. 

As mentioned above, the Koppers-Totzek gasifier of powdery coal [4, 5], the Stagnation jet mixer [14] and the Trost jet mill [20] are practical examples of the successful application of impinging streams. Apart from these, very few industrial applications of impinging streams had been by the end of the last century, [9, 21], The following may account for the fact that the application of impinging streams has progressed so slowly ... 

Figure 8.2 Koppers-Totzek powdery coal gasifier.

Impinging Streams (IS) is a novel technical method. As a scientific concept, it was first presented by Elperin in 1961, while its earliest emergence can be traced back to the development and application of the Koppers-Totzek gasifier in 1953. 

Fig. 19.15. Lurgi dry bottom gasifier. Comparative Study of Coal Gasification Processes—Koppers-Totzek, Lurgi[ and Winkler," Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, PA.)...

So far only the Koppers - Totzek, Texaco and Lurgi gasifiers, and probably the Winkler process in some smaller installations, have been used in ammonia plants, but the successful demonstration of the Shell process in other applications make it a potential candidate for ammonia production, too. Additional processes in different stages of technical development are the HTW and the Dow process. Information on the status and the development in the gasification of coal can be obtained from [541], [545], [548] -[554],... 

The Koppers-Totzek Process [555]-[560] used in several ammonia plants in China, India, and South Africa, operates practically at atmospheric pressure. Figure 59 is a simplified sketch of the gasifier. 

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