Gases crude still

Pipelines have a long history. In ancient times, pipelines were used for water transport. Examples are still visible in archeologic areas. However, it is clear that these early constructions could not bear large pressures. The advent of gas pipelines started between 1820 and 1830 with the distribution of town gas. Nowadays pipelines are indispensable in petroleum industries for the transport of various materials, including natural gas, crude oil of various types, and refined products. 

Most of the crude oil currently recovered is produced from underground reservoirs. However, surface seepage of crude oil and natural gas is common in many regions. In fact, it is the surface seepage of oil that led to the first use of the high boiling material (bitumen) in the Fertile Crescent. It may also be stated that the presence of active seeps in an area is evidence that oil and gas is still migrating. 

Water Cooling Theory, Cooling Tower Design, Cooling Tower Fill, Gas Quench Towers, Quench Tower Design, Total Condenser Theory, Total Condenser Design, Partial Condenser Theory, Chlorine Gas Cooling, Vacuum Crude Stills, Atmospheric Crude Stills, Olefin Primary Fractionator, Olefin Water Quench Tower, Example Problem, Notation, References... 

The hydrogen sulfide available from natural gas, cracking-still gas and refinery gas, along with the sulfur in crude oil, amounts to more than enough to produce the entire sulfuric acid needs of the nation,... 

The gas phase consists of hydrocarbons vaporized by distillation processes and/or formed by cracking or other decomposition of fluids. Sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide and volatile mercaptans, often present in the gas phase, may be components of the original feed to the unit of interest, e.g. the crude still they may be formed by thermal degradation of disulfides, thiophenes, etc., or they may be the result of various hydrogenation processes such as hydrodesulfurizing, hydrocracking, etc. 

Ammonia is the most common material because of its high neutralizing power, low unit cost, easy availability, and convenience of handling. It may be injected as a liquid under cylinder pressure and flashed into the vapor phase of the crude still. Upon condensation of the vapors, ammonia will dissolve into the condensate water to effect an increase in its pH. As additional water condenses down-stream of the initial point, it will be in equilibrium with ammonia gas in the condensing hydrocarbon and water vapors. 

In two stage units, it is often economical to distill more gas oil in the vacuum stage and less in the atmospheric stage than the maximum attainable. Gas formed in the atmospheric tower bottoms piping at high temperatures tends to overload the vacuum system and thereby to reduce the capacity of the vacuum tower. The volume of crude vaporized at the flash zone is approximately equal to the total volume of distillate products. Of course, the vapor at this point contains some undesirable heavy material and the liquid still contains some valuable distillate products. The concentration of heavy ends in the vapor is reduced by contact with liquid on the trays as the vapor passes up the tower. This liquid reflux is induced by removing heat farther up in the tower. 

A single-stage pipe still used for distilling whole crude is shown in Figure 1. The unit shown is designed to separate six products gas, overhead distillate, three sidestream distillates, and undistilled residue, or bottoms. Modem pipe stills usually have several sidestreams. 

Normally, all of the heat is removed from the fractionator by three or more circulating reflux streams. The proportion of gas and naphtha in the cracked products is much higher than in crude oil, so it is seldom possible to reduce the diameter of the tower top as in atmospheric pipe still design. Due to the low operating pressure, it is necessary to provide expensive compression capacity to permit recovery of these light hydrocarbons in subsequent equipment. 

Absorber oil then flows to a still where it is heated to a high enough temperature to drive the propanes, butanes, pentanes and other natural gas liquid components to the overhead. The still is similar to a crude oil stabilizer with reflux. The closer the bottom temperature approaches the boiling temperature of the lean oil the purer the lean oil which will be recirculated to the absorber. Temperature control on the condenser keeps lean oil from being lost with the overhead. 

To a solution of 130 g. (0.6 mole) of arsanilic acid (Org. Syn. 3, 13) in 600 cc. (0.6 mole) of normal sodium hydroxide is added 52 g. (0.62 mole) of sodium bicarbonate and 70 g. (0.75 mole) of chloroacetamide (Org. Syn. 7, 16). The mixture is heated 011 a water bath to 90-1000 and a steady evolution of carbon dioxide occurs. At the end of two hours, when gas evolution has practically ceased, the mixture is cooled to 40° C., stirred vigorously and 150 cc. of 1 1 hydrochloric acid poured in rapidly. /i-Arsonophenylglycinamide crystallizes at once and, after cooling to room temperature, is filtered by suction and washed once with 2 per cent hydrochloric acid (Note 1), then with cold water. The crude product thus obtained is contaminated with some arsanilic acid and possibly other products. These are removed during purification. The crude product is suspended in about 400 cc. of water and with vigorous stirring, treated carefully with 25 per cent aqueous sodium hydroxide until solution is just complete. At this point the mixture is still acid to litmus and an excess of sodium hydroxide is to be avoided to prevent decomposition of the product. About 15 g. of boneblack... 

Ammonia stripping also removes cyanide, phenols, and other VOCs typically found in cokemaking wastewater. Phenols may also be removed by conversion into nonodorous compounds or into crude phenol or sodium phenolate by either biological means (phenol concentration <25 mg/L) or by physical processes.21 However, the Koppers dephenolization process is considered to be quite effective as it lowers the phenol content by 80 to 90% in ammonia still wastes. In this process a stream stripping process followed by mixing in a solution of caustic soda results in renewal of pure phenol with the flue gas.8... 

Despite the considerable growth of the Canadian oil sands industry in recent years, there are still several difficulties that could impede the future development of this industry for instance, the heavy reliance on natural gas and water, which are necessary for both the extraction of bitumen from oil sands and its upgrading to synthetic oil, as well as the associated high emissions of C02. For nearly a century, the oil shale in the western United States has been considered a possible substitute source for conventional crude oil. If a technology can be developed to recover oil... 

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