Gaseous emissions, industrial

Petroleum products are obtained from crude oil. In the process of getting the crude oil from the ground to the refinery, many possibilities for emission of hydrocarbon and reduced sulfur gaseous emissions occur. In many cases, these operations take place in relatively remote regions and affect only those employed by the industry, so that little or no control is attempted. 

Emissions monitoring is essential in controlling industrial environments and processes to ensure good air quality standards are maintained. It is also required in order that the various regulations and guidelines related to air quality are met. In addition to gaseous emissions, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and many others, the emissions of particulate material and heavy metals must also be controlled. 

The above results can be extrapolated to the industrial scale. Next, we consider a production rate of340 kmol/h AN, which corresponds to about 100 kton/ yr. Figure 2.4 shows the input/output flow diagram. The inputs consist of raw materials, such as propylene, ammonia and air. The outputs are product (acrylonitrile), byproducts (HCN and acetonitrile), gaseous emissions, lights, heavies, wastewater and eventually solids. 

Solid wastes and/or gaseous emissions generated from industrial sources also contribute to the amount and concentration of chemicals in the effluent if they are treated with water or they have any contact with water. 

Clay materials used in the brick industries are currently monitored to control air and groundwater pollution. Some areas suffer from severe pollution by emission of fluorine to the atmosphere and its subsequent transport into the groundwater since clay may contain 200 to 1200 mg kg of F. As an example, the brick and ceramic industry is responsible for 50 /o of the total fluoride emission in The Netherlands. The emissions are calculated from the difference in the F content of the clay and the final product (brick). In some cases, raw materials are rejected if the fluoride contents are too high which cause an economic concern. As a consequence, many European countries have implemented regulations for the maximum authorised amount in gaseous emission of F from brick industries, which strongly stresses the need for the control of the quality of measurements using representative CRMs. 

The limit value proposed for the type-approval of new car models, independent of the weight and engine size, is 1.3g per European test as defined in Directive 70/220/EEC. The limit value proposed for conformity of production, or otherwise, that which every new car must meet on its first registration, is 1.7g/test. These limit values are proposed to be implemented at the dates agreed at the Luxembourg Council for the implementation of the new European standards for gaseous emissions. By that means the Commission intends to assure that the motor industry can concentrate its resources on adapting its production to the new Community requrements as a whole and that the administrative procedures related to the type-approval of modified car models will be limited to what is strictly necessary. 

This is of considerable interest because of the key role of the reaction in the thermal de-NOr process involving the catalyzed reaction of ammonia with nitrogen oxides hence, in principle, the gaseous emissions from industrial plants and power stations can be purged of the... 

In the case of road transport it is not possible to conceive any substitute for motor vehicles. Motor vehicles are used to a huge extent for collective transport, individual transport and freight. They deteriorate the quality of the environment in cities with dense traffic. At the present time, in industrially developed countries, motor vehicles contribute more than 50%-to the amounts of anthropogenic gaseous emissions polluting the atmosphere. In certain big cities and industrial agglomerations, this contribution exceeds 90%. 

In order to illustrate the previous description, an industrial treatment used in VOC control in gaseous emissions is presented in Fig. 17 while the working procedure of adsorption and regeneration is displayed in Fig. 18. 

An industrial system using an activated carbon cloth filter (Fig. 20 and 21) has been set up to remove a mixture of ethanol and ethyl acetate from a gaseous emission. Table 12 summarizes the operating conditions of adsorption and desorption. 

Harkness, J.B.L., Fridman, A. (1999), The Technical and Economic Feasibility ofUsing Low-Temperature Plasmas to Treat Gaseous Emissions from Pulp Mills and Wood Product Plants, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, NCASI, Research Triangle Park, NC. 

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