Gas various

For the methanation reaction in the process of converting coal to a high Btu gas, various catalyst compositions were evaluated in order to determine the optimum type catalyst. From this study, a series of catalysts were developed for studying the effect of nickel content on catalyst activity. This series included both silica- and alumina-based catalysts, and the nickel content was varied (Table I). 

Colorless gas with an ammonia or fish like odor detectable at 0.53 ppm. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Various salts have been reported. This material is hazardous through inhalation and produces local skin/eye impacts. 

The catalytic experiments were carried out in a fixed bed flow-type apparatus in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure (p,otai 100 kPa). The carrier gas (N2, nominal purity 99.99 vol.-%) was loaded with vapors of the reactant(s) in (a) thermostated saturator(s). The mass of dry catalyst was ca. 200 mg. In the isomerization experiments, the partial pressure in the feed and the modified residence time were Pi M-Np = 2.0 kPa and W/Fi.M.Np =110 g-h/mol, respectively. In the alkylation experiments, the partial pressures in the feed amounted to P2-M-NP = 1-9 kPa and p oH = 0.95 kPa, and W/I -Np was 170 g h/mol. Product analysis was done by automatic on-line sampling and high resolution glc using a capillary column of 50 m length, OV-1 as stationary phase and H2 as carrier gas. Various temperature programs were employed depending on the product mixture to be analyzed. 

The traditional source in IR absorption spectroscopy is a glowing rod or wire heated by the passage of an electric current the hot body emits radiation over a continuous frequency range. The radiation is dispersed using a prism NaCl, which is transparent over much of the IR region, is commonly used for IR prisms and windows. The sample may be a solid, liquid, or gas. Various detectors are used the most common are thermocouples, photoconductive materials such as PbS, bolometers (which are temperature-dependent resistors), and the Golay cell (which uses the thermal expansion of a gas contained in a chamber). 

In the case of Bhopal, water entered into pipes on the floor of the factory during routine cleaning but safety slips had not been placed at the joints. Water reached Tank E-610. The exothermic reaction between water and MIC increased the temperature of the tank converting liquid MIC into gas. The increase in pressure forced open the vent valve letting most of the MIC escape to the outside as gas. Various safety measures to neutralize MIC, such as caustic soda scrubbers, were not functional or unserviceable. Even if safety measures had been in perfect workig order, they could not have handled such a big leak. Fortunately, MIC stored in the other two tanks (E-611 and E-619) was not affected it was later converted to pesticide in what was... 

These developments led to a novel type of reactor models, the hydrodynamic models, in which the bed behavior was based on the characteristics of the rising bubbles. Several models of this kind were derived for the industrial relevant fine particle suspensions in which the rising bubbles are surrounded by very thin clouds of circulating gas. Various combinations of assumptions have been used to represent the phase interaction phenomena in this region [81] ... 

The decomposition of InCl in aqueous solutions is a complex process, involving disproportionation of In and the oxidation of In" by the components of the solution. The former gives In " and metallic indium, the latter In " and H2 gas. Various In " species have been prepared by electrochemical oxidation of the metal by an appropriate solute in an organic medium. Thus the adducts InX3,3DMSO (X = Cl or Br) are produced by the action of X2 as solute in a mixed DMSO-benzene solvent. " ... 

The following reference works were also used in the various editions of this work ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Toxicological Fact Sheets, Atlanta, GA (various dates). 

In addition, acetylene is prepared by passing methane through an electric arc. When methane is made to react with chlorine (gas), various chloromethanes are produced chloromethaue (CH3CI), dichloromethane (CH2CI2), chloroform (CHCI3), and carbon tetrachloride (CCy. However, the use of these chemicals, however, is declining—acetylene may be replaced by less costly substitutes— and the chloromethanes are used less often because of health and environmental concerns. 

Most of the solids to be investigated by DSA do not naturally contain inert gas and it is necessary to label them with a trace amount of inert gas. Various techniques can be used for the introduction of the inert gas atoms into the samples to be investigated [1,2]. 

When tackling a multi-objective problem by GAs, various approaches to fitness definition may be adopted Fonseca (1995). In what follows we will resort to the so called Pareto-based methods Goldberg (1989) once a population of chromosomes has been created, these are ranked according to the Pareto dominance criterion by looking at the /-dimensional space of the fitnessesfi U), i = Firstly,... 

Tungsten carbides were fabricated via polymer-induced carburization of the mixture of a tungsten salt (ammonium metatungstate) and carbon polymer structures (resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer) by Lee and co-workers (33-35). The polymer intermediate, in which the metal salt was trapped, was annealed at 1173 K under Ar and H2 gas. Various phases and morphologies of WC were prepared by control of polymerization conditions. The surface areas of obtained hep W2C and hex WC were 176 and 77 m /g, respectively. However, these high surface areas contained some contribution from the unreacted carbons. 

In spite of these disadvantages, plasma treatment of polymers is an attractive process to produce the required surface modification. By using different types of gas, various chemical functionalities can be introduced on the surface. In general, more uniform surfaces are produced by plasmas than by flame and corona treatments. The modification is typically confined to the surface without changing the bulk physical and chemical properties of the pol)uner. 

For the cleaning of the effluent gas various systems are in use. The most common system consists of the combination of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to trap sulphuric acid droplets and organic acid mist, followed by SO2 removal in diluted caustic ... 

FIGURE 3.17 The dependence of pemeability coefficients (P) on fractional accessible volume (FA V), for the system one gas-various polymers for the second series of polyimides. 

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