Garner studies

The aristocrats who determine crystal structures have garnered a remarkable number of Nobel Prizes no fewer than 26 have gone to scientists best described as crystallographers, some of them in physics, some in chemistry, latterly some in biochemistry. Crystallography is one of those fields where physics and chemistry have become intimately commingled. It has also evinced more than its fair share of quarrelsomeness, since many physicists regard it as a mere technique rather than a respectable science, while crystal structure analysts, as we have seen, were for years inclined to regard anyone who studied the many other aspects of crystals as second-class citizens. 

King and Garner, using the isotopic method made an attempt to study... 

The early studies on the exchange system, carried out by Muxart et al., Menker and Garner, and Burgus and Kennedy, showed the exchange to be slow in sulphate , perchlorate, nitrate, and hydroxide media -. The isotopic method ( Cr) was used with separation of the Cr(III) and Cr(VI) being achieved by the precipitation of chromic oxide and lead chromate. Some evidence was obtained for the retardation of the exchange by hydrogen ions. 

Despite the considerable amount of information that has been garnered from more traditional methods of study it is clearly desirable to be able to generate, spectroscopically characterize and follow the reaction kinetics of coordinatively unsaturated species in real time. Since desired timescales for reaction will typically be in the microsecond to sub-microsecond range, a system with a rapid time response will be required. Transient absorption systems employing a visible or UV probe which meet this criterion have been developed and have provided valuable information for metal carbonyl systems [14,15,27]. However, since metal carbonyls are extremely photolabile and their UV-visible absorption spectra are not very structure sensitive, the preferred choice for a spectroscopic probe is time resolved infrared spectroscopy. Unfortunately, infrared detectors are enormously less sensitive and significantly slower... 

Finally, most previous calorimetric studies in this field have been devoted to adsorption processes only, and very seldom were these studies extended to the investigation of complete catalytic reactions. The work of Garner and his collaborators in Bristol (18) is a notable exception. Heat-flow calorimetry is particularly convenient for such studies (19). 

Parker, C.M., V.J. Piccirillo, S.L. Kurtz, F.M. Garner, T.H. Gardiner, and G.A. Van Gelder. 1984. Six-month feeding study of fenvalerate in dogs. Fund. Appl.Toxicol. 4 577-586. 

Lowe and Garner (1993a,b) have synthesized three new dithiolene ligands and formed complexes with a variety of transition metals (Fig. 23) including molybdenum [40]-[42], tungsten [43] and [44] and nickel [45]—[48]. The electrochemical properties of the complexes and free ligands were studied by... 

Absorption of gases and vapour by drops has been studied by Garner and Kendrick(15) and Garner and Lane(16) who developed a vertical wind tunnel in which drops could be suspended for considerable periods of time in the rising gas stream. During the formation of each drop the rate of mass transfer was very high because of the high initial turbulence. After the initial turbulence had subsided, the mass transfer rate approached the rate for molecular diffusion provided that the circulation had stopped completely. In a drop with stable natural circulation the rate was found to approach 2.5 times the rate for molecular diffusion. 

Garner, F. H. and KENDRICK, P. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 37 (1959) 155. Mass transfer to drops of liquid suspended in a gas stream. Part I—A wind tunnel for the study of individual liquid drops. 

K.J. Garner, L. Busbee, P. Cornwell, J. Edmonds, K. Mullins, K. Rader, J.M. Johnston andJ.M. WiUiams, Duty Cycle of the Detector Dog — a Basehne Study , Final report FAA Grant 97-G-020, Federal Aviation Administration, April 2001. 

Preformulation testing provides a basic dossier on the compound and plays a significant role in identifying possible problems and suitable approaches to formulation. Such dossiers already exist for the common excipients. The requirement for aqueous solubility is paramount and preformulation can identify salt forms that are appropriate for further development. Stability and solubility studies wiU indicate the feasibility of various types of formulation such as parenteral liquids and their probable shelf lives. Similar information can be garnered for solid products from the solid physical properties. By performing these studies on a series of candidate compounds, the optimum compound can be identified and further biological and chemical studies guided to provide the best results. 

Garner Latchem (Ref 6) found that when nitrogen iodide (NI3 -NH3) is dried over a layer of P2Os at a pressure of 2 x 10 3cm Hg, thermal decomposition could be studied at temperatures below 0°C. However, when the pressure fell below 2 x 10-3cm Hg, explosion of the nitrogen iodide took place at temperatures as low as -11°C. At low pressures Meldrum (Refs 7 9) has shown that the equation representing the decomposition is different from that given above,... 

C. Ende have shown that lithium chloride has a tendency to polymerize when dissolved in alcohol and other organic solvents H. C. Jones and co-workers have also shown that there is a tendency to form complexes between the lithium salt and the organic solvent while E. W. Washburn and E. W. Mclnnes calculate that in a JN-aq. soln. of lithium chloride, each mol. of the solute is hydrated with 18 mols. of the solvent. F. G. Donnan and W. E. Garner have studied the distribution ratio of lithium chloride between amyl alcohol and water. [LiCl]Am h[LiCl]Aq =0-0273. 

Recently, major developments in statistical methods have been made particularly in the areas of collaborative studies and method validation and robustness testing. In addition, analytical method development and validation have assumed a new importance. However, this handbook is not intended to be a list of statistical procedures but rather a framework of approaches and an indication of where detailed statistical methods may be found. Whilst it is recognised that much of the information required is available in the scientific literature, it is scattered and not in a readily accessible format. In addition, many of the requirements are written in the language of the statistician and it was felt that a clear concise collation was needed which has been specifically written for the practising analytical chemist. This garnering of existing information is intended to provide an indication of current best practices in these areas. Where examples are given the intent is to illustrate important points of principle and best practice. 

The expl props, as detd by Haid et al (Ref 8), indicate that Ca azide is the most powerful of the alkaline earth azides. Although Curtius found that this salt did not expl by percussion, Wohler Martin (Ref 5) and Haid et al (Ref 8) obtained deton by impact (Refs 7 12). When heated rapidly Ca(Nj)3 expl between 144-156°. Heated in a capillary tube, metallic Ca appears at 120-130° (Ref 11) and in vacuo expl between 160-170° (Ref 14). The kinetics of the thermal decompn has been studied by Andreev (Ref 10), Garner Reeves (Ref 19) and others ionic conductance of the solid by Jacobs Tompkins (Ref 18) in the temp range 290-370°K, and initiation and propogation of expln by Bowden Williams (Ref 16) who measured the rate of deton as 770 m/sec. 

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