Ganglioside tetanus toxin

Gangliosides as Receptors for Cholera Toxin, Tetanus Toxin, and Sendai Virus... 

With this system as a point of departure we adopted the same procedures for our studies of the interactions between gangliosides and tetanus toxin and Sendai virus. 

A comparison of the ability of different gangliosides in cerebroside-ganglioside complexes to bind tetanus toxin (23)... 

Figure 3. Binding of tetanus toxin to various gangliosides as studied by the gan-glioside-ELISA method. Mean and SEM (bars) values of n experiments, each performed in duplicate or triplicate.

Essentially the same reaction patterns were demonstrated with the VCS method where the bound toxin was directly visualized, thus avoiding the possible influence of any subsequent immunoreaction steps. Tetanus toxin gave positive, "wet" reactions with the same gangliosides that were positive in the ELISA method, i.e. GTlb,... 

Tetanus toxin has a special affinity for the Gib series of gangliosides (Figure 6). 

Figure 4. Binding of tetanus toxin to various gangliosides as determined with the VCS method micromolar ganglioside concentrations were used for coating. Insert shows the effect of decreasing the coating concentrations of tetanus toxin (6 and 2 /iMJ. Mean values of two or three experiments (here SEM values also shown)...

Figure 6. Ganglioside receptors for tetanus toxin. Glucose , galactose O, galactosamine Y, NeuAc.

Helting, T.B. Zwisler, 0. Wiegandt, H. Structure of tetanus toxin. II. Toxin binding to ganglioside. J. Biol. Chem., 1977,... 

Kirkpatrick LL, Matzuk MM, Dodds DC, Perin MS (2000) Biochemical interactions of the neuronal pentraxins. Neuronal pentraxin (NP) receptor binds to taipoxin and taipoxin-associated calcium-binding protein 49 via NP1 and NP2. J Biol Chem 275 17786-92 Kitamura M, Igimi S, Furukawa K, Furukawa K (2005) Different response of the knockout mice lacking b-series gangliosides against botulinum and tetanus toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1741 1-3... 

Cerebrosides occur mainly in brain and nervous tissues. Sulphatides are the main sulpholipids in the brain, where they account for approximately 15% of the white matter. Gangliosides are particularly abundant in the cells of the central nervous system. They are believed to be the receptors (Figure A4.1 and Appendix 5) for toxins, such as cholera and tetanus toxins, and some viruses, such as the influenza virus. 

Marxen P, Bigalke H (1989) Tetanus toxin inhibitory action in chromaffin cells is initiated by specified types af gangliosides and promoted in low ionic strength solution. Neurosci. Lett. 107 261 -6. 

Shapiro, R.E., Specht, C.D., Collins, B.E., Woods, A.S., Cotter, R.J., and Schnaar, R.L. 1997. Identification of a ganglioside recognition domain of tetanus toxin using a novel ganghoside photoaffinity hgand. J. Biol. Chem. 272 30380-30386. 

It should also be mentioned that several bacterial toxins are known which bind to gangliosides in a sialic-acid-dependent manner, e.g. cholera, pertussis and tetanus toxins... 

Toxins Cholera toxin, tetanus toxin, pertussis toxin Octanethiol + gangliosides (12)... 

They bind initially to ganglioside in the neuromuscular jimction, one subunit then being internalized as with the diphtheria toxin (Box 29-A). Botulinum toxins specifically enter motor neurons, while tetanus toxin is taken up via synaptic vesicle endocytosis by both peripheral and central neurons. Retrograde axonal transport carries the toxin into the central nervous system and across synaptic clefts into cholinergic intemeurons, which are poisoned. 

With all these more or less specific interactions shown by gangliosides, the question may be raised as to the involvement and the role played in those events by the two heterophilic molecular moieties of the glycolipid. VJe therefore chose two bacterial toxins, tetanus toxin and cholera toxin, to perform binding studies which were aimed at a further identification of the nature of the protein fixation by the sialo-glycolipid. 

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