Gamma-glutamylcysteine

Li S, Thompson SA, Woods JS. 1996. Localization of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA expression in mouse brain following methyhnercury treatment using reverse transcription in situ PCR amplification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 140 180-187. 

Ishikawa T, Bao J, Yamane Y, Akim am K, Frindrich K, Wright CD, et al. Coordinated induction of MRP/GS-X pump and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase by heavy metals in human leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 19967 271 14,981-14,988. 

Wild AC, Mulcahy RT. 2000. Regulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase subunit gene expression Insights into transcriptional control of antioxidant defenses. Free Radic Res 32 281-301. 

Huang CS, Anderson ME, Meister A. 1993a. Amino acid sequence and function of the light subunit of rat kidney gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. J Biol Chem 268 20578-20583. 

Misra I, Griffith OW. 1998. Expression and purification of human gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Protein Expr Purif 13 268-276. 

Soltaninassab SR, Sekhar KR, Meredith MJ, Freeman ML. 2000. Multi-faceted regulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. J Cell Physiol 182 163-170. 

Sun WM, Huang ZZ, Lu SC. 1996. Regulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase by protein phosphorylation. Biochem J 320(Pt 1) 321-328. 

Tkachev D, et al. 2003. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Lancet 362 798-805. Toroser D, Yarian CS, Orr WC, Sohal RS. 2006. Mechanisms of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1760 233-244. 

GSH is synthesized from its constituent amino acids by the sequential action of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (y-GCS) and GSH synthetase. The rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis is y-GCS. Interestingly y-GCS expression is also modulated by intracellular redox state in a delicate balance among oxidants, antioxidants, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents [22]. 

Beutler E, Gelbart T, Kondo T, Matsunaga AT. The molecular basis of a case of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency. Blood 1999 94 2890-4. 

Gipp JJ, Chang C, Mulcahy RT. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a fidl-length cDNA for human liver gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992 185 29-35. 

Ristoff E, Augustson C, Geissler J, de Rijk T, Carlsson K, Luo JL, et al. A missense mutation in the heavy subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene causes hemolytic anemia. Blood 2000 95 2193-6. 

Cai J, Sun WM, LuSC (1995) Hormonal andceU density regulation of hepatic gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene expression. Mol Pharmacol 48 212-8... 

Huang ZA,Yang H, Chen C,Zeng Z, Lu SC (2000) Inducers of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and their effects on glutathione synthetase expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1493 48-5530... 

Jeyapaul, J. and Jaiswal, A. K. (2000) Nrf2 and c-Jun regulation of antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated expression and induction of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit gene. Biochem. Pharmacol. 59, 1433-1439. 

Goto, H., Tachi, K., Arisawa, T., Niwa, Y, Hayakawa, T., and Sugiyama, S. (1998) Effects of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester in cisplatin-induced changes in prostanoid concentrations in rat gastric and colonic mucosa. Cancer Detect. Prev. 22 153-160. 

Insofar as controls can be made, we have found the method of Sullivan to give a fair approximation of the concentrations of glutathione and the products of hydrolysis in tissues. Nevertheless, there is considerable room for improvement in the method and its application to tissues. Small changes in technique produce considerable changes in normal values obviously, we do not yet understand all the factors concerned with the method. There is another possibility the brucine reaction for cysteine would be quite useful if it could be worked out for the determination of gamma-glutamylcysteine. 

Brauer, S.L., A.S. Hneihen, K.E. Wetterhahn. 1996. Chromium(VI) forms thiolate complexes with gamma-glutamylcysteine, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine, and the methyl ester of n-acetylcysteine. Inorg. Chem. 35 373. 

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