Gamma-butyrolactones

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Gamma hydroxy butyrate use—New York and Texas, 1995-96. JAMA 277 1511, 1997 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Adverse events associated with ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone—Minnesota, New Mexico, and Texas, 1998-1999. MMRW Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 137-140, 1999 Chatlos JC Recent trends and a developmental approach to substance abuse in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 5 1-27, 1996... 

GABA Derivatization headspace GC-PICI-MS (LOQ 1 mg/mL) Conversion of gamma-hydroxybutyric to gamma-butyrolactone Frison et al., 2000 (16)... 

Waldmeier, P. C. (1991) The GABAb antagonist, CGP 35348, antagonizes the effects of baclofen, gamma-butyrolactone and HA 966 on rat striatal dopamine synthesis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 343,173-178. 

After GHB was banned by the FDA in 1990 for over-the-counter use, GHB chemists tried to circumvent the ban by developing closely related chemicals called gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (BD). The chemical structures of GHB, GBL, and BD are shown in Figure 4.1. When GBL or BD is ingested, it is rapidly converted by the body to form GHB, and the effects become identical to that of taking regular GHB. Due to the 1990 FDA ban, manufacturers of nutritional supplements previously selling GHB quickly reformulated their product so it contained GBL and/or BD instead of the... 

Le Beau MA, Montgomery MA, Miller ML, Burmeister SG. 2000. Analysis of biofluids for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) by headspace GC-FID and GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 24 421. 

All nitrile-based coatings reported in this study we e applied to Bonderite 40 coated steel (B40) panels (150-300 mg/ft zinc phosphate pretreatment The Parker Company). A commercial high nitrile polymer (Barex 210) was employed as the base resin. N-vinyI pyrrolidone (Aldrich) and gamma-butyrolactone (Aldrich) were employed as reactive diluents. 

Figure 3. Changes in open circuit potential (OPC) with temperature for post-thermally treated BAO panels, Barex 210/N-vinylpyrrolidone (B210/NVP) and Barex 210/gamma-butyrolactone (B210/GBL) photocured coatings on BAO panels.

Seizures for 2003 of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), which is used in the illicit manufacture of awwa-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), were the highest ever reported, with over 2,300 litres of the substance being seized. Those seizures were reported by the Governments of Australia, Finland, France, Germany, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and the United States. All countries, with the exception of France, had reported such seizures in previous years. The problem of the use of GBL in illicit manufacture does not, therefore, appear to be spreading beyond the countries that had initially reported misuse of the substance. 

Some analogs of GHB are also available on the street. These include gamma hydroxyvalerate (GHV), gamma butyrolactone (GBL), gamma valerolactone (GVL), and 1,4-hutanediol. The last three of these drugs all metabolize into GHB, so they have effects similar to those of GHB itself. None of the four analogs of GHB has yet been classified by the DEA in any one of the five schedules defined by the Controlled Substances Act. 

Lu L, Huang K (2005) Synthesis and characteristics of a novel aliphatic polycarbonate, poly [(propylene oxide)-co-(carbon dioxide)-co-(gamma-butyrolactone)]. Polym hit 54 870-874... 

Abbreviations FDA, Food and Drug Administration GBL, gamma-butyrolactone GHB, gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Source From Ref. 52. 

Roth, R.H. Giarman, N.J. (1966) Gamma-butyrolactone and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. I. Distribution and metabolism. Biochem. Pharmacol., 15, 1333-1348... 

GBL (Gamma butyrolactone) Street Names Blue nitro vitality, firewater, lactone renewtrient, revivarant, revivarant-G Use Low-dose euphoria,... 

GHB is readily manufactured from its precursor, gamma-butyrolactone (also known as 2(3h)-furanone dihydro, or GBL). GHB is relatively easy to synthesize in household laboratories, mixing ingredients such as floor cleaning products, nail polish, and super glue removers with sodium hydroxide in the form of lye. Unintentional poisonings from bad homemade batches are not uncommon. 

OFFICIAL NAMES Gamma butyrolactone (GBL), dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 4-butanolide, 2(3H)-furanone dihydro, tetrahy-dro-2-furanone, butyrolactone gamma, gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), 1,4 butanediol (BD tetramethylene glycol Sucol B), sodium oxybate (Xyrem)... 

FDA Talk Paper T99-5 FDA Warns about Products Containing Gamma Butyrolactone or GBL and Asks Companies to Issue a Recall (January 21, 1999). . Accessed 3/25/02. 

Two of the most potentially deadly precursors of GHB, both of which are converted into GHB in the body, have been identified by the FDA. One is gamma butyrolactone (GBL), which is marketed under brand... 

Gamma butyrolactone (GBL). GBL is a widely used chemical solvent, and one of the more readily available analogues of GHB because it is used in many industrial cleaners. While GBL is not intended for use as a drug, because it converts into GHB inside the body when ingested, it is commonly sold illegally as GHB. 

It is estimated that only 1 % of the total microbial community has been cultured by standard isolation techniques. There is a growing conviction that this observation resulted from the selected media used, as well as incubation time and inoculum size. Additional stimulation factors for growth and sporulation (e.g. gamma-butyrolactones and indole-3-acetic acid) have been reported.41,42 This implies that the majority of microbial biodiversity still remains to be discovered and exploited. 

Application To produce 1,4-butanediol (BDO), or mixture of BDO with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and/or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) from normal butane using a fluid-bed oxidation and fixed-bed hydrogenation reactor combination. 

GHB is available in both a sodium- and potassium-salt form. The sodium salt of GHB is more widely available. Two related chemicals—gamma butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD)—are used as equivalents to GHB. GHB is readily... 

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