Oxidases galactose oxidase

Copper is one of the twenty-seven elements known to be essential to humans (69—72) (see Mineral nutrients). The daily recommended requirement for humans is 2.5—5.0 mg (73). Copper is probably second only to iron as an oxidation catalyst and oxygen carrier in humans (74). It is present in many proteins, such as hemocyanin [9013-32-3] galactose oxidase [9028-79-9] ceruloplasmin [9031 -37-2] dopamine -hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase [9001-66-5] superoxide dismutase [9054-89-17, and phenolase (75,76). Copper aids in photosynthesis and other oxidative processes in plants. 

A number of complexes of copper with 1,1-dithiolenes are known they are interesting, inasmuch as they form (1) polynuclear species, e.g., [Cu4(i-mnt)3]2 . Recently, a copper(III) complex of 1,1-dicarboeth-oxy-2-ethylenedithiolate (DED ) was prepared (375) by oxidation of aqueous solutions of K2[Cu(DED)2] with a 10-15% excess of Cu(II) or H202, and of (BzPh3P)2[Cu(DED)2] with I2. The possibility of this system as a model for the Cu "/Cu. system in n-galactose oxidase has been pointed out. Lewis and Miller (113) also prepared M[Cu(S2C CHN02)2] (M = Cu, or Zn) and Cu[Cu S2C C(CN)2 2], and found that they are effective insecticides. 

Rogers MS, Dooley DM. 2001. Posttranslationally modihed tyrosines from galactose oxidase and cytochrome c oxidase. Adv Protein Chem 58 387. 

Copper(II) complexes with phenoxo ligands have attracted great interest, in order to develop basic coordination chemistry for their possible use as models for tyrosinase activity (dimeric complexes) and fungal enzyme galactose oxidase (GO) (monomeric complexes). The latter enzyme catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of primary alcohols with dioxygen to yield aldehyde and... 

Siebum, A., van Wijk, A., Schoevaart, R. and Kieboom, T. (2006) Galactose oxidase and alcohol oxidase scope and limitations for the enzymatic synthesis of aldehydes. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-Enzymatic, 41 (3-1), 141-145. 

Fialova, R, Namdjou, D.-J., Ettrich, R. et al. (2005) Combined application of galactose oxidase and beta-iV-acetylhexosaminidase in the synthesis of complex immuno-active, V-acclyl-D-galaclosamiHides. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, 347 (7 + 8), 997-1006. 

Figure 1.103 Galactose oxidase may be used to transform specifically the C-6 hydroxyl group of galactose into an aldehyde.

Add 0.05 units of Vibrio cbolerae neuraminidase and 5 units of galactose oxidase per ml of cell suspension. 

To each ml of glycoprotein solution, add 30 pi of neuraminidase (1 unit/ml as supplied by Behringwerke AF), then 30 pi of galactose oxidase (previously dissolved at 100 units/ml in the labeling buffer of step 1), and finally 100 pi of the biocytin hydrazide solution. 

Fortier [6] found that AQ polymer from Eastman was not deleterious for the activity of a variety of enzymes such as L-amino acid oxidase, choline oxidase, galactose oxidase, and GOD. Following mixing of the enzyme with the AQ polymer, the mixture was cast and dried onto the surface of a platinum electrode. The film was then coated with a thin layer of Nafion to avoid dissolution of the AQ polymer film in the aqueous solution when the electrode was used as a biosensor. These easy-to-make amperometric biosensors, which were based on the amperometric detection of H202, showed high catalytic activity. 

By application of EMMA Regehr and Regnier developed several assays for enzymes that produce (galactose oxidase and glucose oxidase) or consume (catalase) hydrogen peroxide. Unlabeled enzymes were determined in the femto-mole mass range, while detection limits of less than 10,000 molecules were reported for catalase [101]. 

The immunological properties of a modified S14, obtained on treatment with D-galactose oxidase and subsequent oxidation of the aldehyde group to a carboxyl group with chlorite, have been investigated.45... 

E S R.. Fenton. Transferrin Complexes with Non-Physiological and Toxic Metals, David M. Taylor. Transferrins, Edward N. Baker. Galactose Oxidase, Peter Knowles and Nobutoshi Ito. Chemistry of Aqua Ions of Biological Importance, David T. Richens. From a Structural Perspective Structure and Function of Manganese - Containing Biomolecules, David C. Weatherburn, Index. Volume 3,1996,304 pp. 109.50/ 70.00 ISBN 1-55938-642-8... 

Nonblue oxidases Amine oxidase Diamine oxidases Galactose oxidase Cytochrome c oxidase... 

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