G x E interaction

Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on the embryo s genotype that interacts with adverse environmental factors (G x E interaction). 

A genetic x environment interaction is frequently present but can be managed in trials within the same breeding zone. For example, geneticists usually focus on those families that show consistent response across various sites within a breeding zone to avoid complicated deployment schemes. Ecologists may like to study G x E interactions. Geneticists prefer to circumvent the issue. 

Co + sogt + tsog> is greater than Oo + scgt, i.e. we test the G main effect against the G X T interaction. The T main effect is tested similarly. 

EDTA, leading to a postulate that more than one equivalent of Ca2+ can be captured by X (e.g. one Ca2+ sequestered by the three amines and the three carboxylates and another Ca2 + by the remaining half the donor groups), as the Dreiding model suggests. The fact that there was no interaction at neutral pH of X with phosphate or oxalate anions was separately confirmed. Thus, the dissolution of Ca3(P04)2 and Ca(C204) is entirely due to the cation complexation mechanism. 

J. Nicole, D. Tsiplakides, C. Pliangos, X.E. Verykios, C. Comninellis, and C.G. Vayenas, Electrochemical Promotion and Metal-support interactions, J. Catal., in press (2001). 

Size reduction of metal particles results in several changes of the physico-chemical properties. The primary change is observed in the electronic properties of the metal particles which can be characterized by ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS and XPS, respectively) as well as Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements. Furthermore, morphology of the metal nanoparticles is highly sensitive to the environment, such as ion-metal interaction (e.g. metal-support interaction)... 

In pyridine- X-C interactions, the C - X moiety is roughly coplanar with the pyridine and the two C-N- X angles are approximately 120° [129,143, 144]. The same holds for other nitrogen heteroaromatics (e.g. pyrazine, quinoline, etc.) [145-147]. A carbonyl group pins the donors after a trigonal planar geometry and works either as a mono- [148,149] or bidentate XB acceptor [150]. Sulfoxides behave similarly [151,152] and imines form XB along the expected axis of the lone pair [153]. 

If the states are degenerate rather than of different symmetry, the model Hamiltonian becomes the Jahn-Teller model Hamiltonian. For example, in many point groups E E D E and so a doubly degenerate electronic state can interact with a doubly degenerate vibrational mode. In this, the E x e Jahn-Teller effect the first-order Hamiltonian is then [65]... 

Now the expectation (mean) value of any physical observable (A(t)) = Yv Ap(t) can be calculated using Eq. (22) for the auto-correlation case (/ = /). For instance, A can be one of the relaxation observables for a spin system. Thus, the relaxation rate can be written as a linear combination of irreducible spectral densities and the coefficients of expansion are obtained by evaluating the double commutators for a specific spin-lattice interaction X in the auto-correlation case. In working out Gm x) [e.g., Eq. (21)], one can use successive transformations from the PAS to the (X, Y, Z) frame, and the closure property of the rotation group to rewrite D2mG(Qp ) so as to include the effects of local segmental, molecular, and/or collective motions for molecules in LC. The calculated irreducible spectral densities contain, therefore, all the frequency and orientational information pertaining to the studied molecular system. 

G.E.P. Box and S.P. Jones, Robust product designs, part I first-order models with design x enviromnent interactions. Report No. 62 (1990), Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 

In most cockroaches, the male and female disengage and do not interact further after copulation. In some species, however, gift giving and postcopulatory guarding may be chemically mediated. In many blattellids, the male offers a postnuptial gift of uric acid to his mate. In some (e.g., X. hamata) the female is attracted to the male s genital area, the source of urate exudates (Schal and Bell, 1982). 

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