Puddling furnace

Eisen-frischerie,/. iron refinery iron refining, puddling, -frischflammofen, m. puddling furnace, -frischschlacke,/. finery cinders. 

Hie manufacturing operations succeed each other in the following ordor —1. The calcination of the ores, by which the carbonaceous and volatile matters am burned off, and the whole reduced in bulk to prepare them for the smelting furnace 2. The extraction or reduction of the metal in Hie form of cast-iron by smelting 3. The conversion of the cast-iron into malleable or wrought iron by puddling end rolling and 4. The reconversion of the comparatively puro malleable iron into that particular carbide which is known as steel. 

How do they explain away that the following horror scenarios of the Second World War were nothing more than atrocity lies invented by the Allies and their confederates conveyor-belt executions, conveyor-belt electrocutions, cremations in blast furnaces, murders by means of exposure to vacuum and steam,353 puddles of pooling fat at open-air cremations, the smoke-filled black air re-... 

Puddling A process for making wrought iron from pig iron, based on the partial decarburization of pig iron in a special furnace. Invented by H. Cort in Titchfield, Southampton, England, in 1784 and widely used in the United Kingdom and Europe until the end of the 19th century. In 1873, there were 8,000 puddling furnaces in the UK alone. 

The history of iron and steelmaking has been substantially influenced by the availability of oxidants for the various metallurgical processes. Iron making in North America dates back to the 1600s. The process utilized charcoal and local iron ores in a blast furnace that looked more like a modem cupola into which cold air was blown, powered by a bellows. The primary product was cast iron (containing 2 to 4% carbon). Steel (0.1 to 0.8% carbon) could only be made by a very low quality, labor-intensive process known as puddling. 

Preparation.—In working the ores, reduction is first effected in a Wosl-furnace, into w hich alternate layers of ore, coal, and limestone are fed from the top, while ail is foi ced in from below. In the lower part of the furnace CO, iu produced at the e use of the coal higher up it is reduced by the incandescent fuel to CO, which at a still higher point reduces the ore the fused metal so liberated collects at the lowest point under a layer of e/ag, and is drawn off to be cast as pig iron. This product is then purified by burning out impurities, in the prex ess known ns puddling. 

Figure 8.16 Furnace for the puddling process, place were separated by a wall (3). (Reprinted The decarburization occurred on the hearth in from A. Attman, Jernkontoret, Stockholm. With the reverberatory furnace (1) that was heated up permission.) by the flames from the fire (2). Hearth and fire-...

In 1784, Henry Cort discovered that it was possible to stir small "pigs" or puddles of iron to mix the oxide forming on the surface so that it could combine with the excess carbon, a process called puddling. This process eliminated the expensive process of hammering the iron to remove the excess carbon, which made good iron more affordable and, with the invention of the blast furnace by Abraham Darby, became the forerunner of modem steel making. 

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