Fungal metabolites ochratoxin

Sava, V., Reunova, O., Velasquez, A., Harbison, R. Sanchez-Ramos, J. (2006) Acute neurotoxic effects of the fungal metabolite ochratoxin-A. Neurotoxicology 27, 82-92. 

WC Neely, AD West. Spectroanalytical parameters of fungal metabolites iii. Ochratoxin A. J Ass Off Anal. Chem 55(6) 1305-1309, 1972. 

Ochratoxins A, B, and C—fungal metabolites found in maize, wheat, or... 

The ochratoxins are a small family of toxic fungal metabolites originally isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm (ref.82). They have subsequently been reported from other Aspergillus species including A. melleus (ref.83,84) and several species of Penicillium (ref. 85-89). Ochratoxins are Icnown to be nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic whilst ochratoxin A is a teratogen (ref.90). Because... 

Contamination of crops and products with ochratoxin A and related metabolites is not as directly associated with a particular fungus as is the case with the aflatoxins. Ochratoxin A is also likely to occur with other mycotoxins, such as citrinin and penicillic acid or patulin. In addition, it is not certain whether ochratoxin A contamination is only a storage problem or perhaps a dual field and storage problem. In cases such as coffee crops, the use of insecticides might help to control insect activity and consequently fungal infection. Coffee-berry borers are a major insect pest which can act as vectors to carry fungal spores, resulting in crop infection and ochratoxin accumulation. 

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