Fundamentals, viscous mixing

VISCOUS MIXING FUNDAMENTALS 16-2.1 Challenges of High Viscosity Mixing... 

Those minerals which are not from mercury, and those salts which are soluble in water, as alums, chalcanthum (sulphates of iron and copper), common salt, sal petrae, and some substances insoluble in water alone, as orpiment, arsenicum, sulphur and other sulphurous minerals, result from the aqueosity of sulphurs mixed with viscous earths firmly united by a fervent heat, whence they are rendered unctuous and afterward solidified by cold. The medieval chemical philosophers generally do not devote so much attention to the fundamental composition of nonmetallic minerals, and the classification here given by Richardus as to their origin is by no means in accord with others, especi-... 

Microemulsions are clear (transparent and translucent are also used in the literature), thermodynamically stable, isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. The aqueous phase may contain salt(s) and/or other ingredients, and the oil may actually be a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons and olehns. In contrast to ordinary emulsions, microemulsions form upon simple mixing of the components and do not require high shear conditions generally used in the formation of ordinary emulsions. Microemulsions tend to appear clear due to the small size of the disperse phase. However, clear appearance (transparency) may not be a fundamental property. Sometimes microemulsion may not look clear to the naked eye in the case where dark viscous oil exists. The solution may not be purely transparent because it contains aggregates of micelles. Quite often, we still use these terms, even in this book. Probably we should simply use the term homogeneous solution. 

Although incorporated in the poles and the dipole, the forces are not connected in this graph because they do not participate in the dynamics of the system. If friction (due to a viscous medium) were present for relating forces to velocities (see case study AlO Motion with Friction in Chapter 4), it would have been necessary to connect the pole forces to the dipole force. The dipole would enter the category of mixed dipoles, being of the inductive-conductive type instead of the fundamental type. 

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