Functional polymer definition

In an extension of the methodology involving DPEs, the preparation of chain-end and in-chain functionalized polymers with a definite number of chloromethylphenyl or bromomethylphenyl groups and their utilization in... 

This document presents clear concepts and definitions of general and specific terms relating to reactions of polymers and functional polymers. The document is divided into three seetions. In Seetion 1, terms relating to reaetions of polymers are defined. Names of individual ehemical reaetions (e.g., chloromethylation) are omitted from this doeument, even in eases where the reaetions are important in the field of polymer reaetions, beeause sueh names are usually already in widespread use and are well defined in organie... 

A functional polymer according to Definition 3.6 of the present document is a polymer that exhibits specified chemical reactivity or has specified physical, biological, pharmacological, or other uses that depend on specific chemical groups. Thus, several terms concerned with properties or the structure of polymers are included in Section 3 whenever they are closely related to specific functions. Terms that are defined implicitly in the notes and related to the main terms are given in bold type. 

The advent of late transition metal catalysts for polymerization promises to expand this method as a route to functional polymers. Late transition metals are definitely more tolerant to functionality. The outstanding question is will they have enough activity for traditional non ctional monomers, such as ethylene or propylene. A catalyst that can polymerize both olefins and polars with high activity will be the next breakthrough. 

However, just synthetic issues, namely those relative to the monomer from which to start, constitute a major drawback to the widespread use of similar materials as electrode modifiers. A recent review [80] collects a few results of efforts made in the field and new perspectives are envisioned, encouraging high consideration for such a potentially powerful class of electrode systems. The authors claim Recent developments in the field of synthesis and potential applications of metal-functionalized polymers obtained via electropolymerization are presented, highlighting the significant advances in this field of research. At present, this class of conducting polymers is far from being exhaustively studied, both as to a general definition of the specific properties in respect to electrode electrochemistiy and, even very much less, as to electroanalytical applications. 

Polymer mechanical properties are one from the most important ones, since even for polymers of different special-purpose function a definite level of these properties always requires [20]. Besides, in Ref [48] it has been shown, that in epoxy polymers curing process formation of chemical network with its nodes different density results to final polymer molecular characteristics change, namely, characteristic ratio C, which is a polymer chain statistical flexibility indicator [23]. If such effect actually exists, then it should be reflected in the value of cross-linked epoxy polymers deformation-strength characteristics. Therefore, the authors of Ref [49] offered limiting properties (properties at fracture) prediction techniques, based on a methods of fractal analysis and cluster model of polymers amorphous state structure in reference to series of sulfur-containing epoxy polymers [50]. 

Now being well developed, supramolecular polymer chemistry has definitely formed an important area in polymer science. With the advent of new synthetic methodologies, most of all the click reaction, the inherent drawback of designed attachment of supramolecular entities to polymers has now been solved efficiently. Moreover, the enormously high efficiency of these reactions enable generation of functionalized polymer molecules approaching the purity of... 

The first demonstration of living polymerization and the current definition of the process can be attributed to Swarc. Living polymerization mechanisms offer polymers of controlled composition, architecture, and molecular weight distribution. They provide routes to low-dispersity end-functional polymers, to high-purity block copolymers, and to stars and other more complex architectures. Traditional methods of living polymerization are based on ionic, coordination, or group transfer mechanisms. 

A number of efforts in our laboratory have focused on functional polymers. We have been active in this arena for about 20 years. Originally, the term "functional polymers" was reserved for those macromolecules that possessed specific or unique functional groups in their structures. More recently, a second definition has been used for this term, namely, polymers that perform definitive or definable functions, e.g. polymeric membranes, polymeric drugs, etc. 

The lUPAC definition for a functional polymer is a polymer that bears specified chemical groups or polymer that has specified physical, chemical, biological, pharmacological, or other uses which depend on specific chemical groups [3]. The functional polymers are of two basic types intrinsically and extrinsically functional polymer. Intrinsically functional polymers are where the polymers themselves offer a unique range of properties for different applications, while extrinsically functional polymers are those composite materials containing dispersed fine particles of a functional material, such as magnetite (FejO ), carbon black in a conventional polymer. 

The traditional definition of a barrier polymer requited an oxygen permeabihty less than 2 nmol /(m-s-GPa) (originally, less than (1 comil)/(100 in. datm)) at room temperature. This definition was based pardy on function and partiy on conforming to the old commercial unit of permeabihty. The old commercial unit of permeabihty was created so that the oxygen permeabihty of Saran Wrap brand plastic film, a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company, would have a numerical value of 1. 

Another definition, taking into account polymerization conversion, has been more recently proposed.192 Perfect dendrimers present only terminal- and dendritic-type units and therefore have DB = 1, while linear polymers have DB = 0. Linear units do not contribute to branching and can be considered as structural defects present in hyperbranched polymers but not in dendrimers. For most hyperbranched polymers, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy determinations lead to DB values close to 0.5, that is, close to the theoretical value for randomly branched polymers. Slow monomer addition193 194 or polycondensations with nonequal reactivity of functional groups195 have been reported to yield polymers with higher DBs (0.6-0.66 range). 

The size-dependence of the intensity of single shake-up lines is dictated by the squares of the coupling amplitudes between the Ih and 2h-lp manifolds, which by definition (22) scale like bielectron integrals. Upon a development based on Bloch functions ((t>n(k)), a LCAO expansion over atomic primitives (y) and lattice summations over cell indices (p), these, in the limit of a stereoregular polymer chain consisting of a large number (Nq) of cells of length ao, take the form (31) ... 

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