Functional groups, organic alcohols

Liquid-Phase Components. It is usual to classify organic Hquids by the nature of the polar or hydrophilic functional group, ie, alcohol, acid, ester, phosphate, etc. Because lowering of surface tension is a key defoamer property and since this effect is a function of the nonpolar portion of the Hquid-phase component, it is preferable to classify by the hydrophobic, nonpolar portion. This approach identifies four Hquid phase component classes hydrocarbons, polyethers, siHcones, and duorocarbons. 

O aikene an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one double bond between two of the carbon atoms in the chain the simplest aikene is ethene, CjH4 O homologous series a family of organic compounds with similar chemical properties as they contain the same functional group alkenes, alcohols, for instance O isomers molecules with the same molecular formula but different stnictural formulae O substitution reaction a reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon are replaced by atoms of another element... 

Specific groups of atoms in an organic molecule can determine its physical and chemical properties. These groups are referred to as functional groups. Organic compounds which contain the functional group -OH, the hydroxyl group, are called alcohols. 

Define or identify each of the following terms (a) organic chemistry, (b) total bond order, (c) condensed formula, (d) structural formula, (e) fine formula, (/) hydrocarbon, (g) alkane, (h) aUcene, (/) alkyne, j) aromatic hydrocarbon, (k) saturated, (1) delocalized double bond, (m) isomerism, (n) cycloalkane, (o) radical, (p) functional group, (q) alcohol, (r) ether, (s) aldehyde, (f) ketone, (u) carbonyl group, and (v) ester. 

This method was used to determine the content of various organic functional groups (amines, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxyl, insaturation, allylic/benzylic sites) in kerogens of Brazilian oil shales. The results (26) indicate the Tremembe Formation as being the most functi.onatTzed while Irati is the least. This is in accordance with the accepted trend that functionalizations correlates with maturity. 

Applications of IBX in organic synthesis have been summarized in several comprehensive reviews [1105, 1106], IBX is a particularly useful oxidant for the selective oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds, even in complex molecules in the presence of other functional groups. Primary alcohols are oxidized by IBX in DMSO to the corresponding aldehydes at room temperature without overoxidation to the acids. The chiral primary alcohols are oxidized without epimerization and various functional groups like thioethers, amines, carboxylic acids, esters, carboxamides and both conjugated and isolated double bonds are compatible with IBX [1132,1133]. Several representative examples of alcohol oxidations using IBX in DMSO are shown below in Schemes 3.330-3.335. 

The atom or group of atoms that defines the reactivity of the molecule is called the functional group. For alcohols, it s the -OH for alkenes, it s the C=C and so on. This makes it much easier to study and classify the properties of compounds. You can learn the general properties of all alcohols instead of the properties of every individual one, for example. The use of functional groups makes the study of organic chemistry much easier. 

In this chapter, we study both of these organic reactions. Using them, we can convert haloalkanes to compounds with other functional groups including alcohols, ethers, thiols, sulfides, amines, nitriles, alkenes, and alkynes. Thus, an understanding of nucleophilic substitution and )3-elimination opens entirely new areas of organic chemistry. 

Section 2.9 Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon. The simplest class of organic molecules are the hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom is attached to four otiier atoms are called alkanes. Alkanes have names that end in -am, such as methane and ethane. Other organic compounds are formed when an H atom of a hydrocarbon is replaced with a functional group. An alcohol, for example, is a compound in which an H atom of a hydrocarbon is replaced by an OH functional group. Alcohols have names tiiat end in -ol, such as methanol and ethanol. Otiier oiganic molecules have multiple bonds between a carbon atom and oflier atoms. 

Functional groups A group of atoms within an organic molecule that are reactive. The functional group in alcohols is —OH for example. Many drug molecules have multiple functional groups. 

The oxidation of higher alkenes in organic solvents proceeds under almost neutral conditions, and hence many functional groups such as ester or lac-tone[26,56-59], sulfonate[60], aldehyde[61-63], acetal[60], MOM ether[64], car-bobenzoxy[65], /-allylic alcohol[66], bromide[67,68], tertiary amine[69], and phenylselenide[70] can be tolerated. Partial hydrolysis of THP ether[71] and silyl ethers under certain conditions was reported. Alcohols are oxidized with Pd(II)[72-74] but the oxidation is slower than the oxidation of terminal alkenes and gives no problem when alcohols are used as solvents[75,76]. 

Organic compounds are grouped into families according to the functional groups they contain Two of the most important families are alcohols and alkyl halides Alco hols and alkyl halides are especially useful because they are versatile starting materials for preparing numerous other families Indeed alcohols or alkyl halides—often both— will appear m virtually all of the remaining chapters of this text... 

Thionyl chloride and phosphorus tribromide are specialized reagents used to bring about particular functional group transformations For this reason we won t present the mechanisms by which they convert alcohols to alkyl halides but instead will limit our selves to those mechanisms that have broad applicability and enhance our knowledge of fundamental principles In those instances you will find that a mechanistic understand mg IS of great help m organizing the reaction types of organic chemistry... 

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