Functional class designations

Isocyanides and analogous compounds are exclusively named in a radico-functional way, i.e. with functional class designations, provided the functional group is not expressed as a substitutive prefix. 

The lUPAC rules penrrit alkyl halides to be named in two different ways, called functional class nomenclature and substitutive nomenclature. In functional class nomenclature the alkyl group and the halide (fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide) are designated as separate words. The alkyl group is naned on the basis of its longest continuous chain beginning at the carbon to which the halogen is attached. 

Thus, the majority of known lepidopteran pheromones are comprised of compounds that are between 10 and 23 carbons in length, with one or no polar functional groups. Within these broad limits, there are two major structural classes, each of which arises from different biosynthetic pathways. The first class, designated as Type I pheromones (Ando et al., 2004) consists primarily of alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates with unbranched carbon chains of 10-18 carbons, and with 0-3 double bonds. Unusual structures or functional groups, such as triple bonds, nitro groups, or esters other than acetates, are occasionally... 

These features demonstrate how important it is to study and understand hydrogenase structure and function when designing biomimetic (or bioinspired) systems for efficient hydrogen generation or utilization. This section will give insight into this class of enzymes. 

Functional class nomenclature (Section 4.1) Type of lUPAC nomenclature in which compounds are named according to functional group families. The last word in the name identifies the functional group the first word designates the alkyl or aryl group that bears the functional group. Methyl bromide, ethyl alcohol, and diethyl ether are examples of functional class names. 

Common modifications to SSE and MSE lead to a class of metrics called discrimination functions. These functions, like the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), are then used to choose between competing models. One problem with functions like the AIC and MSE is that the actual value of the function is impossible to interpret without some frame of reference. For instance, how can one interpret a MSE or an AIC of 45 Is that a good or bad Further, some discrimination functions are designed to be maximized whereas others are designed to be minimized. In this book, the model with the smallest discrimination function is superior to all other models having the same number of estimable parameters, unless otherwise noted. This class of functions will be discussed in greater detail in the section on Model Selection Criteria. 

We can equate the term method used in object-oriented analysis with the term function. Due to the fact that classes are frequently data classes (such as customers, suppliers, orders, etc.), they represent the link between data and function view. We have already experienced object-oriented class design when we discussed the levels of abstraction and the examples of the modeling views (see Section 1.2 as well as Section 3.1), so we can skim the properties of creating object-oriented classes. 

The ending of an lUPAC name specifies the functional class or the major functional group of the compound. The ending -ane specifies an alkane. Each of the other fnnctional classes has a characteristic ending for example, -ene is the ending for alkenes, and the -ol ending designates alcohols. 

Process Instrumentation is a core class designed to teach the process technology student the basic principles for reading process blueprints, the primary function of instruments, and how instruments work together to automatically control a process. Process instruments fall into five different groups (1) primary elements and sensors, (2) transmitters, (3) controllers, (4) transducers, and (5) final control elements. Figure 2-5 shows various instruments used in the processing industry. 

---