Fullerenes and Nanotechnology

The 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three American scientists for their identification of a new allotrope of aromatic carbon molecules called fullerenes. These unusual carbon molecules form a closed-cage structure of joined carbon atoms. The original soccer ball-shaped carbon molecule called buckminsterfullerene contained 60 carbon atoms and was nicknamed Bucky Ball in honor of Buckminster Fuller (1859—1983), who used similar shapes in some of his architectural structures. Since then additional organic pentagon structures beyond the original icosahedral fullerene (C ) have been developed, all with an even 

Just as modern society will be different with nanotechnology, a similar revolution occurred with the development of both inorganic and organic chemistry. The knowledge of organic molecular compounds and the ability to manipulate them to form a multitude of useful products increased our and the world s standard of living. The development and use of nanotechnology will result in similar advancements. 

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Titanate and Titania Nanotubes Synthesis, Properties and Applications 13 Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology 14 Nanotechnologies in Food... 

The emerging field of nanotechnology is affirming its increasing importance day by day. In this context fullerenes and carbon nano tubes (CNTs) play an important role. These new allotropic forms of carbon have been discovered in the last two decades, and, since then, they have stimulated the curiosity and interest of physicists and chemists. 

G. Sun, Fullerenes identihcation of isomers based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, in Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, (eds J. L. Atwood and J. W. Steed), Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004, p. 1223. 

These rich bonding and cohesive properties of C60 revealed after its macroscopic production are far beyond the expectation of theorists who dreamed of using clusters as atomlike building blocks of new materials. In the era of nanoscience and nanotechnology, C60 and other fullerenes will continue to play an important role. 

Fullerenes and their chemical compounds are perspective materials for application in nanotechnology, spintronics and single-electronics [1], Thus, the search of ways of high-speed, contactless, selective control of electron-optical properties of fullerene-based materials is actual problem. It is well known, that weak magnetic field (MF) with induction B < IT effectively influences electron-optical properties of some organic compounds (for instance, anthracene, tetracene, etc.) [2]. 

Chirvase D., Parisi J., Hummelen J. C. and Dyakonov V. (2004), Influence of nanomorphology on the photovoltaic action of polymer-fullerene composites , Nanotechnology 15, 1317-1323. 

The explosion of interest that followed the identification of buckminsterfullerene, CgO) by Kroto and co-workers in 1985 [1] has yet to subside. Together with the discovery of related fullerenes and buckytubes, the isolation of heralded the start of a new chapter in the now ubiquitous field of nanotechnology. Like nanotechnology, which dates from Feynman s There s plenty of room at the bottom lecture to the American Physical Society in 1959 [2], the identification of Q,o s soccer ball shape can also be traced back to an earlier origin, Osawa s paper in 1970 [3]. 

Another feature that gave reason to write this book was the occurrence of various allotrope modifications with in parts completely opposite properties. For the time being, this renders carbon one of the most interesting topics in materials science and research. Be it fullerenes, nanotubes or nanocrystaUine diamond phases-they all are subject to intensive investigation and promise a multitude of applications, for example, in electronics, medicine, and nanotechnology. 

Plasma Nanotechnologies Synthesis of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes... 

PLASMA NANOTECHNOLOGIES SYNTHESIS OF FULLERENES AND CARBON NANOTUBES... 

There is also a distinction to be drawn between nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanoscience is the sub-discipline of science that involves the study of nanoscale materials, processes, phenomena and/or devices. Nanoscience includes materials and phenomena at the nanoscale (typically 0.1-100 nm) hence, it includes areas such as carbon nanoscience (e.g. fullerenes), molecular scale electronics, molecular self-assembly, quantum size effects and crystal engineering. Nanotechnology involves the design, characterization, manipulation, incorporation and/or production of materials and structures in the nanoscale range. These applications exploit the properties of the nanoscale components, distinct from bulk or macroscopic systems. Naturally, there is a substantial overlap of scale between nanotechnology and colloid technology. 

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