Fuel electric motor combination

Emissions of NO, CO, and S02 in the fuel cell (steam re-former) scheme would be zero, whereas for battery-powered cars, the electricity-producing plants would emit these pollutants in substantial quantities. 14The fuel cell-electric motor combination is termed the electrochemical engine. ... 

The development of a new generation of electric, hybrid (electric motor combined with thermal motor) or gas powered cars or, in the long term, vehicles running on fuel cells are also very promising. 

New vehicles, propulsion systems, and fuels are on the horizon hybrid automobiles (combining an electric motor, batteries, and a gasoline or diesel engine), better electric cars, greater use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and propane for urban fleet vehi-... 

Well-to-wheel thermodynamic efficiencies for electric transportation with or without H2 as intermediate. (From Kreith, F. and West, R., ]. I. nerg. Resource Technol., 126, 249, 2004.) (a) Well-to-Fuel, Fuel-to-Grid and Well-to-Grid efficiencies for electricity production from natural gas. All routes allow effective C02 removal but routes including H2 conversion seem most effective in this respect, ng natural gas P production SD storage/distribution C compression GT/ST combined cycle FC fuel cell R reforming (b) Well-to-Wheel efficiencies for the best and worst well-to-grid efficiencies of a. The H2/Fuel option reduces the overall Well-to-Wheel efficiencies to half their values. El Electrolysis B battery eM electric motor. 

Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) A vehicle that is powered by two or more energy sources, one of which is electricity. HEVs may combine the engine and fuel system of a conventional vehicle with the batteries and electric motor of an electric vehicle in a single drive train. 

Hybrids of electric and combustion processes could also be used. Currently, hybrid electric vehicle technology combines the combustion of petroleum products (gasoline or diesel), over a wide range of degrees of hybridization, with electric motors for propulsion. Hybrids could be created for any of the other fuels. Hybrids of fuel cells and batteries are under consideration today. 

At the end of the twentieth century, consumption of petroleum fuels increased significantly on a worldwide basis and the first symptoms of a petrol crisis appeared. Automobile manufacturers decided to reduce petrol consumption by combining an electrical engine with an internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle. Thus, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was devised. Depending on the involvement of the electric motor (battery) in the propulsion of the vehicle, several types of HEVs have been developed. 

There are several reasons, to lay out H2 fuelled immanned aircrafts in combination with combustion engine or fuel cell and electric motor. 

Hybrid Vehicle Car using a combination of several essentially different drive mechanisms, usually an internal combustion engine in combination with an electric motor, which in turn can derive its power from a battery or a fuel cell. 

The active CPS consists of absorber elements located in the central tubes of 72 fuel assemblies of the first core zone. The absorber rods of the active CPS are moved by the drives controlled by electric motors. The drives of the active CPS are combined in 24 clusters, which perform the following functions ... 

Electrical management, or power conditioning, of fuel cell output is often essential because the fuel cell voltage is always dc and may not be at a suitable level. For stationai y applications, an inverter is needed for conversion to ac, while in cases where dc voltage is acceptable, a dc-dc converter maybe needed to adjust to the load voltage. In electric vehicles, for example, a combination of dc-dc conversion followed by inversion may be necessary to interface the fuel cell stack to a, 100 V ac motor. 

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