Frustrated electricity

The molecular interaction between each lajrer is weak and the molecular directors in one layer are not strongly bound by molecular directors in the adjacent layers. As a result, neither a ferroelectric liquid crystal state nor an antiferroelectric liquid crystal state can be realized in forming this random orientation. In the early stages, these materials were called thresholdless antiferroelectric liquid crystals (TLAF) . However, for these materials antiferroelectric order or antiferroelectricity cannot be observed. Recently, the terms frustoelectricity and frustrated electricity have been proposed [36]. These terms imply that the formation of both ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity are prohibited and neither phase can be formed. 

Several electrical scientists in the early part of the nineteenth century, influenced at least in part by their understanding of German natiirplnlosophie, expected forces of nature to be intimately connected to each other, and some of them spent extraordinary amounts of time looking for the relationship. One of these was a Dane, Hans Christian Oersted, who, after an exhaustive series of experiments, in 1820 found that electricity could indeed produce a magnetic effect. Further experiments by Michael Faraday demonstrated, in 1821, that by proper orientation of an electric current and a magnetic field it was possible to produce continuous motion in what soon would be called a motor. It took an additional ten frustrating years for him to prove what he instinctively felt to be true, that, in a fashion inverse to what... 

It is significant that the earliest records of life on Earth start shortly after the period of impact frustration. Apparently life formed as soon as the conditions permitted it. Life originated from compounds produced by prebiotic organic chemistry. The source of the molecules included those produced on Earth by energetic processes such as impacts and electrical discharges as well as those that fell in from space. Whatever processes occurred, they would have had to happen either in the deep ocean or in what might have been rare regions of land and shallow water. 

Radicals have been known for many years to form organic paramagnetic materials with numerous magnetic properties (ferro- or ferri-magnetism, spin Peierls transition, spin frustration, spin ladder systems) (see [51-60] for verdazyl radicals, [61-68] for thiazyl radicals, [69] for nitronyl nitroxide and [70-78] for Tempo radicals) (Fig. 6). When they are in their cationic form, they are valuable candidates for an association with the M(dmit)2 systems they will then provide the magnetic properties thanks to their free electron(s), whereas the M(dmit)2 moieties will provide the electrical properties. 

The key point in this respect is the large number of neutrons produced in the central region. Insofar as these nucleons carry no elechic charge, they mix easily with the previously produced nuclear isotopes, including iron. They do not suffer the electrical barrier that so frustrates the fusion of nuclei, and ever more so as they occupy higher positions in the hierarchy. Neufron capture serves to enrich the range of nuclei that can be engendered by supernova activity. 

However, early investigations into the electrical properties of solutions were somewhat frustrating as, initially, direct current (DC) measurements were made which resulted in the hydrolysis of the solvent and the evolution of oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode. The presence of bubbles of gas changed the nature of the electrode surface and hence the electrode resistance and confused the results. 

Frank invented and patented the plug-in hybrid—a vehicle with both electric and gas power sources that can also be plugged into a standard electrical outlet to get those sixty or more gas-free miles. His concept, quite simply, can help save the country and the world from oil dependence, skyrocketing energy costs, and environmental ruin. It will happen, he says with surprising serenity, given his long years of frustration. It will happen because the price at the gas pump will finally make it happen. ... 

P. Cladis, T. Garel, P. Pieranski, Kossel diagrams show electric-field-induced cubic-tetragonal structural transition in frustrated liquid-crystal blue phases. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2841-2844 (1986)... 

As described above, the kink in the molecular shape and the requirement to fill the space as effectively as possible are not compatible with a three-dimensional fluid order. In other words, when translating a bent-core molecule in the melt of the neighbouring bent-core molecules, it experiences a periodic potential with its periodicity determined by the length I of the molecules. To allow for fluidity at the macroscopic level, one needs to frustrate the bent-core structure so that they do not lock into smectic layers easily. Such a frustration can be introduced by some steric or electrostatic disturbance of the bare bent-core (or peeled banana ) shape, which has been seen in some modulated smectic phases.As discussed by Bailey and Jdkli,a steric or electrostatic inclusion in the core of the molecules leads to layer modulation, an SmCc structure and broken smectic layers that effectively correspond to a columnar phase, as the inclusions increase. Following this picture, here we postulate that bent-core nematics are probably more frustrated than the electrically unswitchable B7 (columnar) phases, in which the broken smectic ribbons are separated by melted fluid nematic regions. Such over-frustrated B7 materials are characterized... 

The dipoles of adsorbed molecules can couple through metal substrate electrons, partly contributing to the observed frequency shifts with the surface coverage [92, 128]. Finally, plasma oscillations of the metal electrons in the electric field of the IR beam (Section 1.3) can couple by an electron-hole pair creation mechanism with the adlayer modes whose dipole moment vector is parallel to the surface [129-132], Being forbidden (Section 1.8.2), these modes manifest themselves in metallic IRRAS as the so-called antiabsorption peaks (increase of reflectance). Examples are frustrated rotations of CO on Cu(lOO) and frustrated translations of H on W(IOO) and Mo(lOO) [129, 130]. This effect, however, should not be considered as the exception from the SSR for metals. 

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