Fruit dried, chemical composition

More recent studies of carefully identified mushroom material from the European Panaeolus species did not document substantial amounts of psilocin in these samples. Also, "chemical races" associated with specific species could not be established. I believe that almost all accidental intoxications can be traced to ingestion of Panaeolus subbalteatus, with the possible exception of one case caused by an imported tropical species. Very little is said in the literature about Panaeolus retimes, its area of distribution and chemical composition. The intoxication case from Bremen, however, indicates that this species is psychoactive (see Figure 28). In 1985,1 found two fruiting bodies in a pasture, whose dried weight contained 0.03 - 0.05 % psilocybin, as well as serotonin. All of the mushrooms features, such as wrinkled, fleshcolored caps, corresponded to descriptions of Panaeolus retirugis. 

Despite the widespread geographic distribution of psychotropic species in Australia, there were only a few efforts to publish information about their chemical composition. In 1970, Picker and Rickards reported the isolation of 0.45 % of psilocybin from dried fruiting bodies of Psilocybe subaeruginosa, but failed to find any psilocin in that sample. Later on, other authors reported only about one-tenth of this amount of psilocybin, a number that I believe to be too low, considering reports about the mushrooms strong psychoactive effects. 

The dry mango stone consists of a 1 1 ratio of shell and kernel. Wide variations were found in the content, characteristics and composition of seed and fat of 43 varieties of mango fruit. The seed in fruit ranges between 3 and 25% and kernel in seed from 54 to 85% on an as is basis (Lakshminarayana et al., 1983). The total lipid consists of 96.1% neutral and 3.9% polar lipids (2.9% glycolipids and 1.0% phospholipids) (Hemavathy et al., 1987). The dry mango kernel from India contains 3.7-13% of a cream-colored oil with a melting point of 34-43 C and iodine value of 32-57. Its physical and chemical characteristics are very similar to that of cocoa butter. 

Metabolic profiling can be done on freshly harvested, freeze-dried or frozen stored material. This decision depends on the type of tissue to be analysed (whole plants, roots, leaves, fruits, seeds) and on the analytical techniques used. An efficient extraction method should be reproducible and lead to the extraction of a wide range of constituents across the different chemical classes, taking care to suppress enzyme activity that would change the metabolite composition. A common solvent is the methanol/ water mixture, which has been used in different proportions (80/20, 70/30, 50/50 or 20/80) in the case of polar extraction. For instance, De Vos et al. (2007) described a protocol for LC/ MS of plant materials and proposed that 75%... 

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