Freezing avoidance

Table 6.1. Major Classes of Osmolytes and Their Distribution among Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea. Elevated Concentrations of Osmolytes Due to Freeze-Avoidance ("Freezing") or Desiccation Stress (Artemia Embryos) Are Included...

Freeze-Avoidance Strategies Preventing Formation and Growth of Ice Crystals... 

Polar fishes and cold-hardy beetles contrasting scenarios for freeze-avoidance. With the information we now possess on the biochemistry, mechanism of action, and evolution of THPs,... 

The cold-hardy beetle Dendroides canadensis. A very different scenario from those presented above can be sketched for a freeze-avoiding insect from the temperate zone, where the threat of freezing, while only seasonal, is much more severe than that faced by fishes from high latitudes. One of the best-studied freeze-avoiding insects is the beetle Dendroides canadensis (Duman, 2001 Duman et al., 1993). Compared to freeze-avoiding fishes, D. canadensis mounts a much more extensive freeze-avoidance response and... 

The seasonal variation in thermal hysteresis found in D. canadensis is due to more than shifts in concentrations of THPs, however. Unlike the freezing-avoidance strategy of Antarctic and Arctic fishes, in which the amount of thermal hysteresis appears to be due strictly to the concentration of THPs in the body fluids, freeze-avoiding insects employ a complex set of mechanisms to achieve the high levels of thermal hysteresis found for hemolymph in winter-collected specimens. 

Freeze-tolerance is also noted in less extreme, cold temperate environments, in which certain species elect to become solid-state even when their neighbors mount successful freeze-avoidance strategies of the types just described for terrestrial insects like D. canadensis. In fact, even the latter species has been observed to rely on freeze-tolerance under extreme conditions. The adoption of freeze tolerance in winter is noted in a wide variety of animal taxa, including numerous arthropods and even a few lower vertebrates, the freeze-tolerant frogs and reptiles (see Storey, 1990, for review). Plants, too, may spend much of the winter in a solid-state condition (Griffith and Antikainen, 1996). 

Barnes, B.M. (1989). Freeze avoidance in a mammal Body temperatures below 0°C in an Arctic hiber-nator. Science 244 1593-1595. 

The drug is administered by the subcutaneous route in a dose of 9 g 3 times per week. Interferon alfacon-l is supplied us a solution in phosphate-buffered saline. It should be stored at 2 to 8°C without freezing. Avoid shaking the solution. 

Garcia-Varela, S., Rada, F. 2003. Freezing avoidance mechanisms in juveniles of giant rosette plants of the genus Espeletia. Acta Oecologica 24 165-167. 

Rada, F., Goldstein, G., Az6car, A., Meinzer, F. 1985. Freezing avoidance in Andean giant rosette plants. Plant Cell Environ. 8 501-507. 

Storage 1 yr. shelf life R.T. do nof freeze avoid high heaf and humidify... 

HMIS Health 0, Flammability 0, Reactivity 0 Storage Prevent from freezing avoid temp, extremes Rheolate 216 [Elementis Spec. U.S.]... 

Storage Store > 40 F do not freeze avoid temp, extremes Ucar Polyphobe 202 [Dow]... 

Storage Store 5-25 C protect against freezing avoid direct sunlight WorldePol 193 [Woride-Chemie]... 

Storage Store 2-25 C protect against freezing avoid direct sunlight storage below 0 C may cause nonhomogeneity—warm slowly R.T., with slow stirring if necessary WorldePol 230 [Woride-Chemie]... 

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