Freeze electric field effects

The underlying metal lattice structure also has a significant effect on the water structure. As pointed out by Spohr," although the Pt-Pt nearest-neighbor distance is ao/ Jl = 0.277 nm, which is very close to the 0-0 distance in ice, the cubic symmetry of the 100 surface is incompatible with the hexagonal symmetry of the ice lattice. As a result, the water molecules cannot form a uniform monolayer and occupy all adsorption sites. On the other hand, Berkowitz and co-workers showed that the hexagonal Pt (111) surface is able to support a more complete layer of adsorbed water molecules, and one can identify patches of an icelike structure in the first layer. This freezing is further enhanced by an external electric field, as will be discussed later. 

Although PEF applications are targeted towards the permanent modification of cell and tissue structures based on pretreatments, beneficial effects have also been identified that result from the simultaneous application of electric fields during the freezing of noncellular material, with an impact on subsequent... 

The effect of an electric field applied simultaneously during freezing in order to impact nucleation and ice formation. 

Ben Ammar, (., Lanoiselle, J.-L, Lebovka, N., van Hecke, E., Vorobiev, E., 2010. Effect of a pulsed electric field and osmotic treatment on freezing of potato tissue. Food Biophys. 5 247-254. 

Wu, Y, Guo, Y., Zhang. D., 2011. Study of the effect of high-pulsed electric field treatment on vacuum freeze-drying of apples. Drying Technol. 29 1714-1720. 

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