Free biological implication

There are, indeed, many biological implications that have been triggered by the advent of fullerenes. They range from potential inhibition of HIV-1 protease, synthesis of dmgs for photodynamic therapy and free radical scavenging (antioxidants), to participation in photo-induced DNA scission processes [156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 and 163]. These examples unequivocally demonstrate the particular importance of water-soluble fullerenes and are summarized in a few excellent reviews [141, 1751. 

Riesz P, Kondo T (1992) Free radical formation induced by ultrasound and its biological implications. Free Radic Biol Med 13 247-270... 

He is the author of Superoxide Ion Chemistry and Biological Implications (Volumes 1 and 2, CRC Press, 1989 1990) and the co-author of several jointed books on free radicals. He has published about 100 works. 

Sergent, O., Morel, I., Cillard, J. (1999). Involvement of metal ions in lipid peroxidation biological implications. In Sigel, A., Sigel, H. (Eds). Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Vol. 36 Interrelation between Free Radicals and Metal Ions in Life Processes, Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, pp. 251-287. 

A theoretical study based on MP2/6-31+G(d,p) and HF/6-31G(d) ab initio quantum mechanical calculations coupled with Langevin dipoles (LD) and polarised continuum (PCM) solvation models have been carried out by Florian and Warshel [387] to achieve a first systematic study of the free energy surfaces for the hydrolysis of methylphosphate in aqueous solution. The important biological implication of this work is the fact that since the energetics of both the associative and the dissociative mechanics are not too different, the active sites of enzymes can select either mechanism depending on the particular electrostatic environment. This conclusion basically means that both mechanisms should be considered, and this fact seems to contradict some previous studies which have focused on phosphoryl transfer reactions. 

When free peroxidases or catalase react with hydroperoxides, stable green substances, called compounds I and II, are formed they have absorption spectra of yr-cation-radical type [Blumberg (7), Brill (16)]. This has been taken as evidence that stable Fem porphyrin cation radicals are formed by peroxide oxidation in these particular heme proteins [Borg (10), Dolphin (51)]. It is not known why the hydrogen peroxide does not attack the porphyrin ring, as is normal with hemoproteins, nor is it certain whether this radical formation has any biological implication. 

XOR is a cytoplasmic enzyme and a ready source of electrons for transfer to molecular oxygen to form reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and peroxide. It is therefore thought to be involved in free radical-generated tissue injury and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion damage. Moreover, it has recently been implicated in the production of peroxynitrite (89), and carbonate radical anion (92), both potent biological oxidants. Its exact role in lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and infection needs... 

Fuhrman, J., and T. M. Bell. 1985. Biological considerations in the measurement of dissolved free amino acids in seawater and implications for chemical and microbiological studies. 

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