Frankland

The zinc alkyls, of which this is an example, are vile-smelling inflammable liquids. They were the first organo-metallic compounds prepared by Frankland in 1849. With water, they decompose giving an alkane ... 

This preparation was discovered independently by Geuther (1863) and by Frankland and Duppa (1865). The reaction was subsequently investigated in detail and so w idely extended by Claisen that it has become solely a specific example of the more general process known as the Claisen Condensation. Claisen showed that an ester under the influence of sodium ethoxide would not only condense with itself (as in the preparation of ethyl acetoacetate), but also with (i) another ester, (ii) a ketone, if of formula RCHgCOR, (iii) a nitrile, if of formula RCH CN, in each case with the elimination of alcohol. Examples of these modifications are ... 

Gr. helios, the sun). Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum. Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral clevite while it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet at about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei. 

The first primary synthesis of a pyrimidine from aliphatic fragments was carried out by Frankland and Kolbe in 1848. Since then, a great many quite distinct primary synthetic methods have been devised, although it is true to say that one of these (the Principal Synthesis ) has provided upward of 80% of all known pyrimidines, either directly or indirectly. 

Pyrimidin-5-amine, 4-methylamino-synthesis, 3, 121 Pyrimidin-5-amine, 4-oxo-purfne synthesis from, 5, 582 Pyrimidinamines acylation, 3, 85 alkylation, 3, 86 basic pXa, 3, 60-61 diazotization, 3, 85 Dimroth rearrangement, 3, 86 electrophilic reactions, 3, 68 Frankland-Kolbe synthesis, 3, 116 hydrolysis, 3, 84 IR spectra, 3, 64 N NMR, 3, 64 nitration, 3, 69 Principal Synthesis, 3, 129 reactivity, 3, 84-88 structure, 3, 67 synthesis, 3, 129 Pyrimidin-2-amines alkylation, 3, 61, 86 basic pK , 3, 60 diazotization, 3, 85 hydrogenation, 3, 75 hydrolysis, 3, 84 mass spectra, 3, 66 Pyrimidin-4-amines acidity, S, 310 alkylation, 3, 61, 86 basic pXa, 3, 61 Schifi base, 3, 85 synthesis, 3, 110, 114 1,3,5-triazines from, 3, 518 Pyrimidin-5-amines basic pXj, 3, 61 hydrogenation, 3, 75 reactions... 

Russell, C.A., Edward Frankland— Chemistry, Controversy and Conspiracy in Victorian England. Cambridge University Press, 1996. 

The impartial way in which acetoacetic ester was found to behave, sometimes playing the pait of a hydro.xy-coiripound, sometimes that of a ketone, has led to much discussion on the merits of the formulte proposed by Geuther and Frankland,... 

Boronic acids RB(OH)2 were first made over a century ago by the unlikely route of slow partial oxidation of the spontaneously flammable trialkyl boranes followed by hydrolysis of the ester so formed (E. Frankland, 1862) ... 

First metal alkvls, e.g. ZnEts. made by E. Frankland (aged 24) he also first propounded the theory of valency (1852). 

The eventual resolution of the issue was that argon was fitted into a new group within the table, between the halogens and the alkali metals. In the meantime, the properties were being investigated of a gas first detected in 1868 by Frankland and Lockyer by spectroscopic analysis of solar radiation. Shortly after the argon episode, it was discovered that this gas, appropriately named helium , could be... 

CH3)2. CH.CH2.CH3 mw 72.15, colorl liq, mp -159.9°, bp 27.85°, d 0.6201 g/cc at 20/4°, RI 1.35370. Sol in ethanol, ether, hydrocarbons and oils, insol in w. First prepd by Frankland in 1850 by treating iso-amyl iodide with Zn in w at 140° (Ref 2). It was isolated by Young from American petroleum (Ref 3). Present methods of prepn include fractional distn of petroleum and subsequent purification of the crude isopentane by rectification, as well as cracking and reforming of crude oil components and natural gasolines in oil refineries (Refs 4 7)... 

Biological Synthesis of Carbohydrates. Third Frankland Memorial Lecture, J. R. Inst. Chem., 79 (1956)591-592. 

Frankland discovered the fundamental principle of valency—the combining power of atoms to form compounds. He gave the chemical bond its name and popularized the notation we use today for writing chemical formulas. He codiscovered helium, helped found synthetic organic and structural chemistry, and was the father of organometallic chemistry. He was also the first person to thoroughly analyze the gases from different types of coal and—dieters take note—the first to measure the calories in food. 

As a result of Frankland s out-of-wedlock birth, he became a painfully shy man who shunned publicity. His courage arose from his convictions that the public deserved clean drinking water and that students deserved a sound scientific education. Thus, Frankland s life as a chemist is also the story of how a dedicated scientist overcame the stigma of illegitimacy in socially rigid Victorian England. 

Edward Gorst set aside an annuity of 1200 for Margaret Frankland and her child—provided that his identity was never revealed. He paid Margaret the interest from the annuity, about 60 a year, a well-nigh princely sum, since raising a child cost about 8 a year. Eventually, the annuity seems to have been replaced by a one-time payment of 1500. 

Gorst s secret remained safe for almost 150 years. Then, a modern historian, curious about the paucity of information about Frankland s life, discovered his parish baptismal records for February 20, 1825. They explained Frankland s reticence about his past the records identify the infant Edward Frankland as the son of Peggy Frankland. . . single woman. ... 

Of Frankland s many teachers, only James Willasey taught science or encouraged Frankland s obvious abilities. Deeply grateful all his life, Frankland regarded Willasey as a real educator and raised an annuity to support him in old age. Willasey in turn willed all his possessions to Frankland, who proudly wore his teacher s seal on a watch fob. 

Frankland s lifelong affection for his teacher stands in stark contrast to his opinion of his biological father. By the time Frankland was a teenager, he almost certainly knew his father s identity and his mother s need for total secrecy. The boy may even have met his father. But Frankland coolly distanced himself from the man and said tersely, He took no interest whatever in my education or training and therefore directly exerted no influence over me. ... 

---