Frank Caro process

First industrial process involving atmospheric N2 — the Frank-Caro process for calcium cyanamide. 

Where hydrogen is wanted for commercial purposes, two types of process will generally be found most useful. the electrolytic, where not more than looo cubic feet of hydrogen are required per hour and conditions are such that the oxygen produced can be either advantageously used or sold locally the Iron Contact process, the Linde-Frank-Caro process, or the Badische Anilin Catalytic process, where yields of 3000 and more cubic feet are required per hour. However, local conditions and the requirements of a particular trade may make some of the other processes the more desirable. 

The Linde-Frank-Caro process, the manufacture of water gas will be described. 

Linde-Frank- Caro Process.—The most important ethod of producing hydrogen, in which chemical and lysical methods are employed, is one in which the emical process results in the production of blue water 5, and the physical in the separation of the chemical mpounds (chiefly carbon monoxide) from the hydrogen liquefaction. 

In the Linde-Frank-Caro process the blue water gas is compressed to 20 atmospheres, and under pressure it is passed through water, which removes... 

Fig 13 —Diagram showing Linde-Frank-Caro Process. 

In the Frank Caro process, invented in 1895 - 7 and known as the "calcium cyanamide method," a carbide, such as Ca carbide absorbs nitrogen to form cyanamideffertilizer), which by a further treatment may be transformed either into cyanide or into ammonia. Thi s process was used in Europe, USA and Canada (Refs 38 71). In the Serpek process introduced in France and not adopted in the USA, nitrogen was "fixed" as Al nitride and this gave ammonia when treated with steam(Refs 38 and 71) In the Bagnulo process, invented in Italy, ammonia and other N-contg substances... 

The calcium cyanamide can be hydrolyzed with steam to yield ammonia and calcium carbonate. A. Frank and N. Caro developed this process in Germany in 1895. It was used in Germany, Norway and Italy until it was replaced by the Haber-Bosch process after World War I1,12 In 2002 the Frank-Caro process is still in use in many countries including Germany, South Africa, Japan and China. 

At about the same time that the Birkeland-Eyde process was developed, the Frank-Caro cyanamide process was commercialized (14). In this process limestone is heated to produce lime, which then reacts with carbon in a highly energy-demanding reaction to give calcium carbide. Reaction with N2 gives calcium cyanamide [150-62-7] which hydrolyzes to ammonia and calcium carbonate (see Cyanamides). 

Linde-Frank-Caro A process for extracting hydrogen from water-gas by liquifaction. 

France. See also French Patent Office aquaculture production, 3 189t piezoelectric ceramics research, 1 708 regenerated cellulose fibers in, 11 249 Franck-Condon shift, 22 215 Frank-Caro cyanamide process, 17 292 Frankia species, in nitrogen fixation, 17 299... 

To make calcium cyanamide, atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by the Frank-Caro or Cyanamide process. This process is based on the fact that metallic carbides, particularly calcium carbide, readily react with nitrogen to form the metal cyanamide. In the first step of this process lime and carbon are heated to produce calcium carbide. Then fairly pure nitrogen reacts with the calcium carbide to form calcium cyanamide ... 

Caro, N. The Cyanamid Industries and Related Processes. Z. angew. Chem. 22, 1178-82 (1909) C. A. 2088 (1909). Frank and Caro processes and effect of impurities in the carbide and nitrogen are discussed. 

G. A. Hulett passed a mixture of hydrogen and air over heated copper and observed that the hydrogen reduced the copper oxide as fast as it was formed 2Cu+2H2 +02+ N2=2Cu+2H20+mN2. A number of processes have been devised—by A. Frank and N. Caro,2 D. Lance and... 

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