Fractionation/purification

Very similar results were presented by Coffman et al. [2]. They introduced a yet different approach to the prediction of the efficiency of large molecule (proteins) separations on very short columns. Their approach is based on the fact that since short columns yield non-Gaussian effluent distributions, measuring the degree of binary separation using conventional chromatographic resolution is inadequate. Instead, they proposed the fractional purification P, of component z, defined as ... 

Herbal preparations are defined as preparations obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal substances, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates. 

T. Dubois, A. Jacquet, A. O. Schnek, and Y. Looze. Hie thiol proteinases from the latex of Carica papaya L. 1. Fractionation, purification and preliminary characterization, Biol Cheth. Hoppe-Seyier J6P 733 (1988). 

Lundquist K, Kirk TK (1980) Fractionation purification of an industrial kraft lignin Tappi... 

Proteins that are near their supersaturation points in concentrated salt solutions can frequently be induced to crystallize by changing the temperature. This phenomenon, which has been used for the fractional purification of proteins (Jacoby, 1968), has found only scattered application in protein crystallization. Nevertheless, given the relative ease of precise temperature regulation, methods based on temperature alteration de-... 

Extraction system such as that offered by Dionex Corp. Some laboratories analyze alkenones as part of the total lipid extract others prefer to run cleaner fractions following one of a number of schemes of fraction purification using silica gel columns or thin-layer chromatography (Villanueva et al., 1997). Most open-ocean sediment extracts do not contain appreciable amounts of interfering lipids however, some samples with more complex matrices may benefit from cleanup procedures. 

Micro adsorption cartridges, capable of fractionation, purification or enrichment can also be introduced directly into the body of a syringe, allowing sample preparation to occur during the injection [38 ]. Milligram amoimts of a material in which partition can take place (Al20g, charcoal, Florisil, Lipidex 5000, ) are sufficient to handle the ng amounts needed for high performance c.g.c. 

Herbal preparations are the basis for finished herbal products and may include comminuted or cut herbal materials, or extracts, tinctures and fatty oils of herbal materials. They are produced by extraction, fractionation, purification, concentration, or other physical or biological processes. They also include preparations made by steeping or heating herbal materials in alcoholic beverages and/or honey, or in other materials. 

Plant preparations Comminuted or powdered plant material, extracts, tinctures, fatty or essential oils, resins, gums, balsams, expressed juices, and so on, prepared from plant material, and preparations whose production involves a fractionation, purification or concentration process, but excluding chemically defined isolated constituents. A plant preparation can be regarded as the active ingredient whether or not the constituents having therapeutic activities are known. 

Fractionation/Purification Process Lessons Learned from the Down-Scale Qualification Studies... 

Example 2 Robustness of Pasteurization and Precipitation Steps in a Fractionation/Purification Process... 

The production process for protein prepared by fractionation/ purification includes a heat inactivation step to ensure viral safety of the product. The heat inactivation step is followed by a precipitation step that further purifies the product. The purpose of our study was to determine whether the process steps are robust within the parameter ranges routinely used in manufacturing. 

For resorcinolic lipids, particularly those with long saturated side-chains, the use of polar solvents is important due to their amphiphilicity. The crude extracts in many cases are subjected to preliminary fractionation/purification either by solvent fractionation/partition or by application of chromatography. For prepurification of the material and its separation from polymerized phenolics, gel filtration on hydrophobic Sephadex or TSK gel is sometimes used. Silica gel is most frequently employed for the separation and/or purification of resorcinolic lipids, notably in some studies with Ononis species (12-14). The array of compounds reported appears partly attributable to methylation or acetylation reactions occurring during column chromatographic separation. An interesting approach for I the pre-purification and selective separation of resorcinolic lipid from phenolic lipids or resorcinolic lipids from impurities has recently been reported. A selective partitioning of different non-isoprenoid phenolic lipids... 

Many of the operations suitable for enzyme concentration have some potential for protein fractionation (purification). Only those mainly devoted to concentration will be analyzed here the others will be considered in the section 2.2.3. 

Some of the most successful commercial processes that employ CO2 as a solvent involve polymeric substrates. Recently, SCF have been applied for polymerization, swelling, impregnation (see Chapter 7), fractionation, purification, and formation of powdered polymers. Due to the admittedly weak solvent power of CO2, the general problem of the very low entropy of mixing in polymer/solvent binaries is magnified even more in the case of CO2. However, the resulting poor solubility of most polymers is not a barrier here, as can be seen in the following numerous applications [ ] ... 

High- performance liquid chromatography High resolution, different columns are available to separate polysaccharides with different properties Need initial fractionation (purification) by GFC or anion exchange methods [99-101]... 

Lautrette, C. Cardot, P.J.P. Vermot-Desroches, C. Wijdenes, J. Jauherteau, M.O. Battu, S. Sedimentation field flow fractionation purification of immature neural cells from a hmnan tumor neurohlastoma cell line. J. Chromatogr. B, 2003, 791 (1-2), 149. 

Matrix Sample preparatirai Extraction Sample pretreatment Fractionation/Purification References... 

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