Fractal architecture

Goldys EM, Drozdowicz-Tomsia K, Xie F, Shtoyko T, Matveeva E, Gryczynski I, Gryczynski Z (2007) Fluorescence amplification by electrochemically deposited silver nanowires with fractal architecture. J Am Chem Soc 129 12117-12122... 

A fractal notation has been proposed by Mendenhall17,81 to address the complexity of cascade macromolecules, since they possess a high degree of molecular symmetry. This highly condensed description of a symmetrical molecule possessing a fractal architecture can be generalized in the following form ... 

Tpy-M -tpy> -based fractal architectures have been previously reported using a stepwise approach (06S1782) with nonlabile metals. More... 

Using refinement, you can model objects and interactions at all levels of granularity. This arrangement provides a fractal view of architecture, from the business roles and processes to large-grained interacting architectural components including a system to individual interfaces and classes. Any refinement has associated architectural decisions. 

Begin with cycles that use small investments to tackle issues that represent high project risk. Typically, these risks fall into two categories requirements and technical architecture. More resources can be fed into successive cycles as confidence is gained. The idea is fractal a big project s single cycle can be composed of several smaller cycles of sub-projects. 

A random coil is clearly a three-dimensional object when looked at from long distance. Locally, however, it resembles more a one-dimensional thread. Therefore it is sensible to describe the coil by a fractal dimension that lies closer to 1 (for other architectures somewhere between 1 and 3). Such disordered objects are called fractals [101,102]. 

Sampling in surface-enhanced Raman and infrared spectroscopy is intimately linked to the optical enhancement induced by arrays and fractals of hot metal particles, primarily of silver and gold. The key to both techniques is preparation of the metal particles either in a suspension or as architectures on the surface of substrates. We will therefore detail the preparation and self-assembly methods used to obtain films, sols, and arrayed architectures coupled with the methods of adsorbing the species of interest on them to obtain optimal enhancement of the Raman and infrared signatures. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been more widely used and studied because of the relative ease of the sampling process and the ready availability of lasers in the visible range of the optical spectrum. Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (SEIRA) using attenuated total reflection coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, on the other hand, is an attractive alternative to SERS but has yet to be widely applied in analytical chemistry. 

Mansfield 79 performed Monte Carlo calculations on model dendrimers and determined that as a result of the unique architecture of the branches, even when similar chemically, they are well segregated. Further, he concluded that dendrimers are fractal (D ranges from 2.4 to 2.8) and self-similar only over a rather narrow scale of lengths. 

Avnir et al. llbl have examined the classical definitions and terminology of chirality and subsequently determined that they are too restrictive to describe complex objects such as large random supermolecular structures and spiral diffusion-limited aggregates (DLAs). Architecturally, these structures resemble chiral (and fractal) dendrimers therefore, new insights into chiral concepts and nomenclature are introduced that have a direct bearing on the nature of dendritic macromolecular assemblies, for example, continuous chirality measure44 and virtual enantiomers. ... 

Filter, A.H., andT.R. Strickland. 1992. Fractal characterization of root system architecture. Funct. Ecol. 6 632-635. 

Hence, the perfonned within the framewoik of fractal approach analysis of behavior of polystirene, modified by Dendron s, in diluted solutions gave the same conclusions, as the analysis within the fiamewoik of classical approaches. The main distinction of the indicated approaches is the fact, that the structural model, allowing to describe quantitatively macromolecules structural state and conformation, was placed in the fractal approach base. Other characteristics (gyration radius, Kuhn segment length and so on) are the function of the indicated structural state of a macromolecule. The fractal analysis methods, used for the description of linear flexible-chain polymers behavior, can be applied successfiilly also in case of polymers with more complex macromolecular architecture. 

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