Fourier transform infrared analysis worker

Different apparati with different characteristics can be used for the same analytical method. Sometimes apparati manufactured in the same factory register differences in characteristics. The differences can be due to construction modifications and to the ambient conditions where the apparatus functions, which explains the differences between results obtained using the same apparatus in different laboratories. An example was demonstrated for the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry technique that was applied for the analysis of aqueous solution.209 After the same aqueous solution determination in various laboratories by different workers with different instruments was produced by FT-IR technique, similar quality analytical information resulted using the same data processing simple linear method calibration. The conclusion is that the FT-IR spectrometer can be unstable... 

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been widely used for in situ analysis of adsorbed species and surface reactions. Infrared spectroscopy techniques have being used for the characterization of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). FTIR is utilized to identify the structure of the SOFC electrode and electrolyte surface (Resini et al., 2009 Guo et al., 2010). Liu and co-workers (Liu et al., 2002) were pioneers in the in situ surface characterization by FTIR under SOFC operating conditions. 

Rao and co-workers [82] used an inverted emulsion process for the synthesis of the emeraldine salt of PAM using a novel oxidising agent, benzoyl peroxide. The polymerisation was carried out in a non-polar solvent in the presence of four different protonic acids as dopants and an emulsifier (sodium lauryl sulfate). The polymer salts were characterised spectroscopically by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier-transform infrared, Fourier-transform Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis, was used to determine the stability of the salts and the activation energy for the degradation. The conductivity of the salts was found to be in the order of 10 S/cm. 

Bertin and co-workers [23] used a combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique to obtain accurate real time qualitative... 

Information on standard methods for the determination of the properties of polymers is reviewed in Table 4.1. General reviews of the determination of thermal properties have been reported by several workers [1-6]. These include application of methods such as dynamic mechanical analysis [5], thermomechanical analysis [5], differential scanning calorimetry [4], thermogravimetric analysis [6], and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [4], in addition to those discussed below. 

Paxton and Randall [13] used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to measure the concentration of bound ethylene in ethylene propylene copolymers in amounts down to 0.1 %. These polymers contained >95% propylene, with the ethylene units present as isolated entitles between two head-to-tail propylene units. These workers point out that most IR bands used for determining copolymer compositions are sensitive to sequences of both monomers. This IR method for compositional analysis can be calibrated if (a) known standards of similar constitution to the copolymers being analysed are available and (b) assignments and behaviour of the calibration bands are well established preferably the absorptivities of these bands should be relatively independent of the position of monomer units in the chain. Thus, quantitative IR analysis of copolymers depends primarily on the standards employed whose composition can be determined directly and reliably. Paxson and Randall [13] used C-NMR to provide such reference standards for the less time-consuming IR measurements because it is relatively inexpensive and easy to operate for copolymer analysis. They showed that an excellent correlation is obtained between C-NMR and IR results on a series of ethylene-propylene copolymers containing >95% wt% propylene. 

Bedekar and co-workers [4] characterised a series of polyaromatic diamines including polymers of o-chloroaniline, benzidine, 4,4 diaminodiphenyl ether and diaminodiphenyl methane using a variety of techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. They found that polymers of diamine compounds had an additional S and O in the form of sulfate ions in the polymer matrix. 

Allen and co-workers [29] degraded EVA polymer films containing 17% and 28% vinyl acetate for various times in a hot air oven at 180 "C, and then examined the products by TGA, Fourier-transform infrared (E llR), spectroscopy, luminescence analysis, and carried out measurements of the yellowness index and hydroperoxide content. 

Dan and co-workers [8] studied the structures and thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities of the gel and chlorinated natural rubber from latex. The polymers were analysed by chemical analysis, high-resolution pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HR-Py-GC-MS) coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis techniques [dynamic thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)]. 

Commereuc and co-workers [44] examined the products resulting from the photo and thermal decomposition under vacuum of a pre-oxidised isotactic polypropylenes containing a known content of hydroperoxide. In contrast to the case of polyethylene (PE), few products were retained in the polymer matrix. Detailed analysis of the gas phase was performed by GC, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and MS. About 70% of the hydroperoxides were converted into gaseous products such as acetone, acetic acid and methanol. Mechanisms for their formation were suggested, and the consequences of such a phenomenon for the evaluation of ageing in polypropylene (PP) were discussed. 

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