Fouling reduction

The selectivity also dropped significantly. The hollow fiber module was shut down after the experiment with hexane. The module was then exposed to dry air feed. The module was further exposed to pure propylene at feed pressures between 

The coating technique has been applied to repair defects in their carbon membrane by coating a thin layer of polydimetltylsiloxane (PDMS) to prevent gas flow through defect stmctures. The membrane was immersed in a 2% solution of PDMS (WACKER E41) in heptane, and then withdrawn to harden the coated layer. 

Alternatively, a method entailing surface coating with an alcohol solution of 60% B rank phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR) and dispersant, followed by recarbonization (700°C, 60 min), was used to prepare carbon-carbon composite membranes with improved separation performance by Liang and co-workers [80], On the carbon-caibon composite membrane coated with PFR alcohol solution and added dispersant, the gas permeation rates decreased by a factor of 10, and the ideal separation factor increased, probably due to the PFR s dispersing effect. 

Morthon-Jones, DH (1989) Polymer Processing. Chapman and Hall, London, UK 

Soffer A, Rosen D, Saguee S, Koresh J (1989) Carbon membrane. GB Patent2,207,666. 

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More than 97% of colloidal particles were remove Fouling reduction found to be coagulant dependent... 

Fan L, Nguyen T, Roddick FA et al (2008) Low-pressure filtration of secondary effluent in water reuse pre-treatment for fouling reduction. J Memb Sci 320 135-142... 

A great deal more work is required to provide a better understanding of fouling reduction by inserts, with particular reference to the fouling mechanisms discussed in Chapters 7-12. 

Careful application of linings is required to provide a reasonably uniform thickness and to give complete coverage. Substantial variations in thickness will affect the local heat transfer and may affect the overall performance of the heat exchanger. Incomplete coverage may not substantially affect fouling reduction, but where corrosion resistance is required, breaks in the lining membrane can lead to severe localised corrosion. 

Use of fouling-reduction chemicals and/or mechanical cleaning of heat exchangers... 

Increase number of tubes and/or change square to triangular pitch, for shell and tube exchangers increase number plates for plate heat exchangers Increase number of passes Use shell and tube exchangers with twisted tubes, plate and/or spiral heat exchangers Use automatic/manual back flush system Use acoustic techniques for fouling reduction... 

CHEMICAL REACTIONS ON THE MEMBRANE SURFACE FOR FOULING REDUCTION... 

HUal, N., Al-Khatib, L., Atkin, B.P., Kochkodan, V. and Potapchenko, N. 2003. Photochemical modification of membrane surfaces for (bio)fouling reduction a nano-scale study using AFM. Desaling i 158 65-72. 

Ma, H., Bowman, C.N. and Davis, R.H. 2000a. Membrane fouling reduction by backpulsing... 

Mosqueda-Jimenez, D.B. 2003. Impact of manufacturing conditions of polyethersulfone membranes on final characteristics and fouling reduction. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Ottawa. 

V.M. Kochkodan, V.K. Sharma, Graft polymerization and plasma treatment of polymer membranes for fouling reduction A review, 7 iiwvirow Sci Heal A, 47 (2012) 1713-1727. 

T. Ishigami, K. Amano, A. Fujii, Y. Ohmukai, E. Kamio, T. Maruyama, H. Matsuyama, Fouling reduction of reverse osmosis membrane by surface modification via layer-by-layer assembly, Sep PurifTechnol, 99 (2012) 1-7. 

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