Fuels, fossil characterization

Izumi, Y., and Ohshiro, T., Purification and characterization of enzymes involved in desulfurization of dibezothiophene in fossil fuels. Journal, of Molecular Catalysis B-Enzymatic, 2001. 11(4-6) pp. 1061-1064. 

Added to this there is clearly a problem of worldwide energy dependence. Since the fossil fuels were created in specific circumstances where the geological conditions were favorable, the largest deposits of oil, gas and coal tend to be concentrated in particular regions of the globe (e.g. two-thirds of the world s proven oU reserves are located in the Middle East and North Africa), often characterized by political instability in their international relationships. Therefore, the price of oil is subjected to important fluctuations due to economic and geopolitical reasons [3]. 

The characterization of stereogenic centers in isopranes isolated from fossil fuels has been reported404. Also available is a review of NMR work on the stereochemical structures of synthetic polymers405. 

Ainsworth, C. C. Rai, D. 1987. Chemical Characterization of Fossil Fuel Wastes. EPRI EA-5321. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. 

Rai, D., Mattigod, S. V., Eary, L. E. Ainsworth, C. C. 1988. Fundamental approach for prediction pore-water composition in fossil fuel combustion wastes. In McCarthy, G. J., Glassf.r, F. P., Roy, D. M. Hemmings, R. T. (eds) Fly Ash and Coal Conversion Byproducts Characterization, Utilization and Disposal (Symposium Proceedings VI13). Materials Research Society, Pittsburg, PA, 317-324. 

Ainsworth, C. C. Rai, D. 1987. Chemical Characterization of Fossil Fuel Wastes, EPRIEA-5321. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. Ainsworth, C. C., Mattigod, S. V., Rai, D. AmonETTE, J. E. 1993. Detailed Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses of Selected Coal and Oil Combustion Ashes. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. 

Gorbaty, M. L., and Kelemen, S. R. (2001). Characterization and reactivity of organically bound sulfur and nitrogen fossil fuels. Fuel Process. Technol. 71,71-78. 

The fourth cluster is characterized by the maximum rate of development by 2050 a sudden increase in the number of C02 sources over this territory should be expected, and at the same time, their number in Europe should decrease. Of course, there is a certain dependence here between the geographical distribution of C02 sources and the geological supplies of fossil fuels. 

MW >178) prevail. PAHs in either fossil fuels or unburned fossil fuel residues are characterized by higher proportions of LMH PAHs and an increased abundance of alkylated homologs. 

The Py-MS technique has been used extensively to characterize synthetic polymers, biopolymers, and fossil fuels (5-8,10, 11). In this work the technique has been modified by using a mass spectrometer which provides precise mass measurements directly upon pyrolysis. The advantage of this approach is two... 

Stringent regulations have been placed on the use of these fuels through the years these regulations have been tightened further and this process may well continue, in response to acid deposition issues, for example. Therefore, as a specific conclusion, it becomes increasingly important to characterize the sulfur compounds in fossil fuels in order to facilitate their efficient removal (38, 39). ... 

Describing the behavior of undefined mixtures, whether from natural or synthetic sources, often begins with the separation of these complex systems into effective pseudocomponents by distillation (1 ). Each pseudocomponent is then characterized as if it were a pure compound, and its characterization data are used in appropriate correlations. The presence of nonvolatile residuum poses a serious limitation to such methodology. For coal-derived liquids, heavy crude oils, tar sands, and shale oil, more than 50 percent of the fluid may not be distillable (JL). Since this nonvolatile residue cannot be separated using conventional techniques, new methods of separation and characterization must be developed to provide the necessary information for design and operation of plants utilizing the fossil fuels mentioned above (2). 

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