Formulation considerations using modified

A number of oral solution or suspension products are included in the EPARs. Apart from the usual points of consideration for active ingredients and excipients, particular mention is made of possible precipitation of active ingredient when a solution is in use, the inclusion of excipients having a major impact on bioavailability, the need for flavoring to mask the taste of the active ingredient, relative potency compared with other routes of administration, preservation issues, dosing devices and the precision and accuracy of the dose delivered, and bioequivalence where formulations have been modified during the development process. 

Function in Formula SA-IOOH is an emulsifier, viscosifier, and tactile modifier SR-150H builds viscosity in presence of electrolytes Use Concentration 0.05-1% in gels and emulsions Solubility Characteristics Hydrogel insoluble in all solvents. Swells in water Formulating Considerations Compatible in all aqueous systems. Always added to the water phase Form Supplied Powder... 

The newest oxidizer to appear in significant use in pyrotechnics, anunonium perchlorate (AP), has found considerable use in modem solid-fuel rocket propellants and in the firewoiks industry. The Space Shuttle alone uses approximately 2 million pounds of solid fuel per launch the mixture is 70% ammonium perchlorate, 16% almninum metal, and 14% organic polymer/epoxy, with a trace of iron oxide catalyst that can be varied to modify the bum rate. The aluminum powder is a surprising ingredient to find in a propellant, since it generates solid rather than gaseous reaction products, but its substantial heat output as a fuel and its excellent thermal conductivity both contribute to an enhancement of the bum rate of this propellant formulation. 

For other routes of delivery, the formulation considerations relating to polymers are less restrictive than for the parenteral route. Typically, for local rather than systemic activity, polymers can be used to enhance efficacy of topical drug delivery systems through solubility enhancement and or skin hydration. For transdermal delivery, polymers can have several roles, either as solubility modifiers, permeation enhancers or as aids in iontophoresis. The presence of multiple-charged species is a prerequisite for iontophoretic movement of drag molecules through the skin, so can be considered as an actuation process... 

Solid shapes or powders are formulated from solid or liquid (when used as a B stage) epoxy resins and curing agent. Fillers, additives, and other modifiers are often used as they are with liquid or paste epoxy adhesive formulations. However, consideration must be given to the flow properties of the adhesive when heated as well as the application properties. 

The use of flavors and flavor modifiers in pharmaceutical formulations is of considerable importance in promoting drug products. Flavors are also key factors in promoting patient compliance, because products with offensive taste are likely to be objectionable. Taste sensations are, however, wholly subjective, and of the many objective methods thus far used, none can adequately and completely characterize taste and aroma sensations without some bias. 

Absorption of insulin is mainly dependent on the preparation used (see Section 2). Insulin is fairly rapidly absorbed from subcutaneous tissues and although its half-life in blood is very short (see below), the duration of action of most preparations is considerably longer because of their formulation (see Section 2). The rate of absorption from different anatomical sites may be different and may also be increased by exercise. The absorption of insulin after intramuscular administration is more rapid than that after subcutaneous administration (Martindale, 1989). Apart from the fact that absorption depends on the site of injection, it is most rapid from the subcutaneous fat tissue in the abdominal region rather than from the leg or the arm. It can be modified by massage of the tissue or by heat, both inducing an increase in subcutaneous blood flow (Berger et al., 1982). 

Growth media can be made from chemical constituents in the laboratory or can be purchased either ready to use in sterile containers or as a dehydrated powder to be rehydrated and sterilized in the laboratory. The latter is considerably less expensive and has a far greater shelf life than the ready-to-use type. These media are modified if used for penicillins or cephalosporins by the addition of an appropriate amount of -lactamase to inhibit the action of the antibiotics. The amount of inhibitor must be determined experimentally. For additional information on these and other types of growth media and their formulations, see USP 24-NF 19 ( <71 >) or a manufacturer s manual such as the Difco Manual ... 

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