Formulating Target Specifications

At each of these stages, not only do the questions of interest change, but so also does the quality of the information available to answer these questions (Fig. 1 panel b). During target specification, all available pharmacokinetic characteristics are used to build a suitable model (e.g., disposition of the drug after administration of an immediate-release (IR) tablet, oral solution, or intravenous dose dose-proportionality time-dependence metabolism and pharmacological activity of metabolites efficiency of absorption from various sites etc.). However, since no formulations have yet been developed, the in vitro release behavior is unknown, as is the... 

Enthusiasm for chemicals by the industry and the public, however, went largely unabated, and indeed the number and range of available and recommended chemicals began to multiply in this period, with specialized formulations targeted at specific weed and insect problems. Aldrin, carbaryl, diazinon, Dicamba, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP), chlorpyrifos, Carbaryl, Pyrethrum, and Dacthal (DCPA) all found their way to consumer markets in the next few years, capped by the arrival of glyphosate (known most commonly by its trade name Roundup ). Despite setbacks (as in the case of DDT), the chemical approach to lawn care has become normal and widespread, with more households using these chemicals every year. 

The engineering of lignin-based macromers with propylene oxide to target specifications appears as a useful technique for formulating components for block copolymers and segmented thermosets. 

Enzymes have become integral components of most liquid detergent compositions as they continue to play an increasing role in the stain removal process. This has come about due to many recent advances in enzyme technology and has resulted in more efficient and effective strains. The ability of these enzymes to target specific classes of stains can provide the formulator with the flexibility to tailor the development of products for consumers with different requirements and preferences. In addition, enzymes are especially effective when the liquid detergent is used as a prespotter. 

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