MARKUSH formula

A prodnct or a family of prodncts can be defined as well by a general chemical formula (Markush formula), as by a specific chemical name. 

This was also the case especially for pharmaceuticals in Canada, Austria, Spain, Greece, in most Scandinavian countries, except Sweden, and in South American countries. Pharmaceutical were protected only by process claims. Now the patent laws have been changed and pharmaceutical compounds can be claimed in most countries. A product or a family of products can be defined equally well by a general chemical formula (Markush formula), as by specific chemical names. 

MARPAT, MARPAT Previews STN Chemical Abstracts Service international, chemistry stmcture-searchable Markush formulas in addition to other data searchable in the CA FUe, CAPlus, or CA Previews... 

Between the time of their filing the patent application and its issue, the company was planning several clinical studies when it came to their attention that another issued U.S. patent existed, which was filed before their chemist synthesized the compound of formula I. The patent of concern was directed to steroidal compounds, although it did not disclose their particular compound of formula I, nor did it indicate any specific utility in combination with a progestin for contraception. The patent specification (the entirety of the document) disclosed a number of Markush structures of varying scope as well as a description of the compounds as having utility for the treatment of prostate cancer. Claim 13 from the issued patent is illustrated in Figure 1.5 and it particularly concerned them. 

Take a few moments to look at the three prior art Markush structures and see if you can determine which Markush structure represents the broadest disclosure We hope you ve determined that the genus represented by formula 3 is the broadest disclosure since it contains within its reach many thousands of hypothetical compounds.22 The next broadest disclosure is the genus represented by formula 2, which contains hundreds of hypothetical compounds, followed by the narrowest disclosure represented by formula 1, containing only 14 hypothetical compounds. Since we are interested in... 

When the applicant begins prosecution of the patent application, the first thing he does is submit an amended claim set where the claim to the Markush of formula I is canceled and the new Markush, shown in Figure 9.9, is introduced as claim 3. 

The horizon is widening in other senses too, to the challenging problems of searching Markush formulae, with work currently in progress variously at Derwent and... 

Segment 8 is an important part of the improved treatment of structures containing small molecules, and will be applied to records for small molecule single compounds and to records for Markush formulae which imply or encompass small molecules (i.e., equal to or less than 12 non-hydrogen atoms). 

Arbitrariness and ambiguity of generic forms have prevented the application of many techniques established for specific substance systems. It is not practical to try to describe all t3q>es of generic names in terms of specific names, because the number of them is frequently unreasonably excessive as seen in Markush formulae, e.g., substituted benzene, used in patent documents. 

Users treating patent documents would demand a large set consisting of many generic structural formulae to completely cover complicated Markush formulae. The... 

The generation of generic molecular formulas can be used to evaluate patent libraries. Patents in chemistry are usually based on a generic formula, a Markush formula (cf. [329], Chapters 12-23). In Subsection 5.4.1 we introduced the following example ... 

Meyer, E. Topological Search for Classes of Compounds in Large FUes - Even of Markush Formulas - at Reasonable Machine Cost . In Computer Representation and Manipulation of Chemical Information Wipke, W.T. HeUer, S.R. Feldmann, R.J. Hyde, E. Eds. John WUey and Sons New York, 1974 105-122. 

Under Substances, search options include chemical structures, molecular formulas, and properties. Chemical structures may be searched as exact matches, substructures, and similarity matches. Exact matches will include enantiomers, stereoisomers, radicals, salts, and the like. These results can be filtered once the search is complete. Substructure matches allow substitution at any positions not specifically blocked. A similarity search is the broadest category. If an exact search doesn t result in sufficient matches, a substructure search may yield results. Markush searching is also available. Markush structures are found in the patent... 

Substance information such as chemical structures, molecular formulas, and chemical names Is stored in the REGISTRY database. This is the largest collection of chemical substance Information worldwide (see Section 3,1,2), While REGISTRY contains information on specific substances, generic substances are covered by MARPAT, Generic structures are called Markush structures after the American chemist Eugene Markush, who introduced these structures in the patent literature in 1924, MaRPAT comprises generic structures from the patent literature since 1988 (see Structure Representation). Chemical reactions or molecular transformations are covered by CASREACT (see also Reaction Databases). CASREACT has been indexed since 1985 and currently holds 2.9 million chemical reactions from the chemical and patent literature,... 

QUESTEL and STN are the only hosts providing the graphic structure search using the Generic DARC System. Under the same command mode Derwent s Markush Dare file, containing the Markush structures is available. Regrettably, there is no nomenclature file text on QUESTEL which would allow searches for substance names und molecular formulae. 

Markush structure chemical structures in generic form, very often used in patents. They contain a general structure formula and text, which specifies the generic groups. The Markush structure is named after the chemist Eugene Markush who used this way of describing related compounds 1924 in the US patent 1,506,316 for the first lime. 

The concept of superatoms included in the SMD format permits a structured representation of (large) molecules and reactions. Furthermore we believe that this concept indicates a possible way of handling generic structures and Markush formulas. We do not have a final solution for these problems yet, but promising attempts are under investigation. 

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